基于相同祖先点的物种状聚类
Specieslike clusters based on identical ancestor points
AI总结：
本文提出基于相同祖先点的物种状聚类概念，通过引入两个公理减少物种定义的主观性，并证明其有效性。
摘要：
我们引入了几条公理，这些公理可能或可能不适用于有向图中所有生物（过去、现在和未来）的任意子图，其中边代表生物学亲缘关系，假设生命不会灭绝。我们论证这些公理对物种是合理的：如果纯粹基于谱系关系定义物种，则合理地以满足这些公理的方式定义它们。我们引入的主要公理称为相同祖先点公理，它指出对于任何物种中的任一生物，要么该物种包含该生物后代的有限个数，或者该物种包含该生物非后代的有限个数。我们展示这种公理（与凸性公理结合）在技术意义上减少了物种的主观性。我们称满足这些两个公理的连通集为
英文摘要：
We introduce several axioms which may or may not hold for any given subgraph of the directed graph of all organisms (past, present and future) where edges represent biological parenthood, with the simplifying background assumption that life does not go extinct. We argue these axioms are plausible for species: if one were to define species based purely on genealogical relationships, it would be reasonable to define them in such a way as to satisfy these axioms. The main axiom we introduce, which we call the identical ancestor point axiom, states that for any organism in any species, either the species contains at most finitely many descendants of that organism, or else the species contains at most finitely many non-descendants of that organism. We show that this (together with a convexity axiom) reduces the subjectivity of species, in a technical sense. We call connected sets satisfying these two axioms "specieslike clusters." We consider the question of identifying a set of biologically plausible constraints that would guarantee every organism inhabits a maximal specieslike cluster subject to those constraints. We provide one such set consisting of two constraints and show that no proper subset thereof suffices.
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