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arXiv 2602.02777stat.ME
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分离空间干扰与空间混杂偏差在因果推断中的问题

Disentangling spatial interference and spatial confounding biases in causal inference

The University of Manchester(曼彻斯特大学);Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta(阿贝奥库塔联邦农业大学)

Isqeel Ogunsola, Olatunji Johnson

AI总结:

本文通过DAG视角澄清空间混杂的误解,区分直接和间接空间混杂及空间干扰,并探讨其在因果推断中的影响。

摘要:

空间干扰和空间混杂是处理观测空间数据时阻碍精确因果估计的两个主要问题。此外,文献中对空间混杂的定义和解释仍存在争议。本文的目标是通过有向无环图(DAG)视角提供一种新的方法,澄清关于空间混杂的误解和问题,并基于对因果估计造成的偏差来区分直接、间接空间混杂和空间干扰。此外,现有的空间混杂偏差分析通常依赖于治疗和混杂变量的正态性假设,这些假设在实践中常常被违反。放松这些假设,我们通过泊松分布作为例子,在更一般分布设定下推导了空间混杂偏差的分析表达式。我们展示了空间权重的选择、治疗变量的分布以及干扰的大小对空间干扰造成的偏差程度具有关键影响。我们进一步证明了直接和间接空间混杂可以被区分,其中权重矩阵和暴露的性质在确定间接偏差的大小中起着核心作用。理论结果通过模拟研究和对实际空间数据的应用得到支持。未来,将开发参数框架,同时调整空间干扰、直接和间接空间混杂,以对直接和中介效应估计进行调整。

英文摘要:

Spatial interference and spatial confounding are two major issues inhibiting precise causal estimates when dealing with observational spatial data. Moreover, the definition and interpretation of spatial confounding remain arguable in the literature. In this paper, our goal is to provide clarity in a novel way on misconception and issues around spatial confounding from Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) perspective and to disentangle both direct, indirect spatial confounding and spatial interference based on bias induced on causal estimates. Also, existing analyses of spatial confounding bias typically rely on Normality assumptions for treatments and confounders, assumptions that are often violated in practice. Relaxing these assumptions, we derive analytical expressions for spatial confounding bias under more general distributional settings using Poisson as example . We showed that the choice of spatial weights, the distribution of the treatment, and the magnitude of interference critically determine the extent of bias due to spatial interference. We further demonstrate that direct and indirect spatial confounding can be disentangled, with both the weight matrix and the nature of exposure playing central roles in determining the magnitude of indirect bias. Theoretical results are supported by simulation studies and an application to real-world spatial data. In future, parametric frameworks for concomitantly adjusting for spatial interference, direct and indirect spatial confounding for both direct and mediated effects estimation will be developed.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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