风载体全球 sounding 气球的传感器设计与性能
The Design and Performance of Meteorological Sensors for WindBorne Global Sounding Balloons
AI总结：
本文介绍了风载体全球 sounding 气球的传感器设计与性能，通过校准和数据处理优化，实现了高精度的气象数据收集与验证。
摘要：
风载体系统已开发出一个长持续时间的大气气球星座，用于在全球范围内收集气象数据，填补了当前现场数据收集方法的空白。每个全球 sounding 气球（GSB）能够飞行数周或数月，并在测量压力、温度、湿度以及GNSS推导出的位置、高度和风速的同时执行数十次 sounding。这些数据通过卫星传输到地面，处理并可在收集后几分钟内提供。目前的气象传感器包自2024年中期以来基本保持不变，并已飞过数以千计的GSB，总计超过一百万小时的飞行时间。本文介绍了该传感器包的设计和性能。定制的读取架构和外壳允许在几乎所有飞行条件下进行数据收集，同时最大限度地减少偏差和噪声的来源。不确定性通过 sounding 重复性研究和内部校准压力、湿度和温度传感器来表征。校准和数据处理程序通过与外部数据集的比较进行优化和验证。我们以1）与斯克里普斯海洋研究所西部天气和水极端研究中心合作进行的并行无线电探空发射，显示在预期不确定性范围内的一致性，以及2）与欧洲中期天气预报中心再分析v5的相互比较研究，显示总均方根差异为：位势高度-14米；压力-0.36hPa；温度-0.91K；风速u-2.45m/s；风速v-2.50m/s；相对湿度-13%的形式呈现外部验证。
英文摘要：
WindBorne Systems has developed a constellation of long-duration atmospheric balloons to collect meteorological data across the globe, filling gaps in current in-situ data collection methods. Each Global Sounding Balloon (GSB) is capable of flying for weeks or months and performing dozens of soundings while measuring pressure, temperature, humidity, and GNSS-derived position, altitude, and wind velocity. This data is transmitted to ground via satellite, processed, and made available within minutes of being collected. The current meteorological sensor package has remained largely unchanged since mid-2024 and has flown on thousands of GSBs totaling over one million hours of flight time. Here we present the design and performance of this sensor package. The custom readout architecture and housing allow for data collection across nearly all in-flight conditions while minimizing sources of bias and noise. Uncertainty is characterized via sounding reproducibility studies and in-house calibration of pressure, humidity, and temperature sensors. The calibration and data processing procedures have been optimized and validated by comparison with external datasets. We present external validation in the form of 1) side-by-side radiosonde launches performed in collaboration with the Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, which show agreement within expected uncertainty limits, and 2) intercomparison studies with European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis v5, which show an aggregate root mean square difference of: Geopotential height -- 14 m; Pressure -- 0.36 hPa; Temperature -- 0.91 K; Wind speed u -- 2.45 m/s; Wind speed v -- 2.50 m/s; Relative humidity -- 13%.
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