Cloud-Cloud Collisions Induce Filament-Mediated Super Star Cluster Formation in the Antennae Overlap Region: Evidence from ALMA and JWST
Shunan University（周南大学）；Shizuoka University（静冈大学）；National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, National Institutes of Natural Sciences（日本国立天文台，国立自然科学研究院）；The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI（综合研究大学院大学）；Kagawa University（香川大学）；Gifu University（岐阜大学）
The formation of super star clusters (SSCs) in galaxies remains a fundamental yet unresolved problem. Among the proposed mechanisms, cloud-cloud collisions (CCCs) have been suggested as a potential trigger, although observational validation has been limited. Here we present high-resolution ($0.12^{\prime\prime}$, $\sim14\,\mathrm{pc}$) ALMA observations of CO ($J=1\!-\!0$) emission toward a super giant molecular cloud (SGMC) in the overlap region of the Antennae galaxies. The data resolve the SGMC into two distinct velocity components separated by $\sim50\,\mathrm{km\,s^{-1}}$. One component exhibits a ``U-shaped'' structure within a large filament likely shaped by ram pressure, while the other shows hub-filament morphology. Such a morphology is naturally interpreted as a CCC scenario. The 108\,GHz continuum emission detected at the apparent collision interface is dominated by free-free radiation, with an ionizing photon rate consistent with the stellar mass and age of the optically identified SSCs. Supplementary infrared imaging with JWST reveals emission spatially coincident with the inferred collision interface, further supporting the CCC scenario. These results provide compelling, multi-wavelength evidence that CCCs play a key role in triggering SSC formation in merging galaxies.
Some formation scenarios that have been put forward to explain multiple populations within Globular Clusters (GCs) require that the young massive cluster have large reservoirs of cold gas within them, which is necessary to form future generations of stars. In this paper we use deep observations taken with Atacama Large Millimeter/sub-millimeter Array (ALMA) to assess the amount of molecular gas within 3 young (50-200 Myr) massive (~10^6 Msun) clusters in the Antennae galaxies. No significant CO(3--2) emission was found associated with any of the three clusters. We place upper limits for the mo…
We present the highest spatial resolution (~0.5") CO (3-2) observations to date of the "overlap" region in the merging Antennae galaxies (NGC 4038/39), taken with the ALMA. We report on the discovery of a long (3 kpc), thin (aspect ratio 30/1), filament of CO gas which breaks up into roughly ten individual knots. Each individual knot has a low internal velocity dispersion (~10 km/s), and the dispersion of the ensemble of knots in the filament is also low (~10 km/s). At the other extreme, we find that the individual clouds in the Super Giant Molecular Cloud 2 region discussed by Wilson and coll…
We present 1" (<100 pc) resolution maps of millimeter emission from five molecules-CN, HCN, HCO+, CH3OH, and HNCO-obtained towards NGC 4038, which is the northern galaxy of the mid-stage merger, Antennae galaxies, with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array. Three molecules (CN, CH3OH, and HNCO) were detected for the first time in the nuclear region of NGC 4038. High-resolution mapping reveals a systematic difference in distributions of different molecular species and continuum emission. Active star forming regions identified by the 3 mm and 850 um continuum emission are offset from …
We present observations of the dense molecular gas tracers HCN, HNC, and HCO+ in the J=1-0 transition using ALMA. We supplement our datasets with previous observations of CO J=1-0, which traces the total molecular gas content. We separate the Antennae into 7 bright regions in which we detect emission from all three molecules, including the nuclei of NGC 4038 and NGC 4039, 5 super giant molecular complexes in the overlap region and 2 additional bright clouds. We find that the ratio of L(HCN)/L(CO), which traces the dense molecular gas fraction, is greater in the two nuclei (L(HCN)/L(CO) ~ 0.07 …
We study the relationship between dense gas and star formation in the Antennae galaxies by comparing ALMA observations of dense gas tracers (HCN, HCO$^+$, and HNC $\mathrm{J}=1-0$) to the total infrared luminosity ($\mathrm{L_{TIR}}$) calculated using data from the \textit{Herschel} Space Observatory and the \textit{Spitzer} Space Telescope. We compare the luminosities of our SFR and gas tracers using aperture photometry and employing two methods for defining apertures. We taper the ALMA dataset to match the resolution of our $\mathrm{L_{TIR}}$ maps and present new detections of dense gas emis…
The Antennae Galaxies is one of the starbursts in major mergers. Tsuge et al. (2020) showed that the five giant molecular complexes in the Antennae Galaxies have signatures of cloud-cloud collisions based on the ALMA archival data at 60 pc resolution. In the present work we analyzed the new CO data toward the super star cluster (SSC) B1 at 14 pc resolution obtained with ALMA, and confirmed that two clouds show complementary distribution with a displacement of $\sim$70 pc as well as the connecting bridge features between them. The complementary distribution shows a good correspondence with the …
The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has discovered a surprising abundance of bright galaxy candidates in the very early Universe ($< 500$ Myrs after the Big Bang), calling into question current galaxy formation models. Spectroscopy is needed to confirm the primeval nature of these candidates, as well as to understand how the first galaxies form stars and grow. Here we present deep spectroscopic and continuum ALMA observations towards GHZ2/GLASS-z12, one of the brightest and most robust candidates at $z > 10$ identified in the GLASS-JWST Early Release Science Program. We detect a $5.8 σ$ line…
We report the results of James Webb Space Telescope/NIRCam observations of 19 (sub)millimeter (submm/mm) sources detected by the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA). The accurate ALMA positions allowed unambiguous identifications of their NIRCam counterparts. Taking gravitational lensing into account, these represent 16 distinct galaxies in three fields and constitute the largest sample of its kind to date. The counterparts' spectral energy distributions from rest-frame ultraviolet to near infrared provide photometric redshifts ($1<z<4.5$) and stellar masses ($M_*>10^{10.5}$ Msol), which are…
JWST/MIRI imaging of the nearby galaxies IC 5332, NGC 628, NGC 1365 and NGC 7496 from PHANGS reveals a richness of gas structures that in each case form a quasi-regular network of interconnected filaments, shells and voids. We examine whether this multi-scale network of structure is consistent with the fragmentation of the gas disk through gravitational instability. We use FilFinder to detect the web of filamentary features in each galaxy and determine their characteristic radial and azimuthal spacings. These spacings are then compared to estimates of the most Toomre-unstable length (a few kpc…
Spiral arms serve crucial purposes in star formation and galaxy evolution. In this paper, we report the identification of A2744-DSG-$z3$, a dusty, multiarm spiral galaxy at $z=3.059$ using the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) NIRISS imaging and grism spectroscopy. A2744-DSG-$z3$ was discovered as a gravitationally lensed sub-millimeter galaxy with ALMA. This is the most distant stellar spiral structure seen thus far, consistent with cosmological simulations which suggest $z\approx3$ as the epoch when spirals emerge. Thanks to the gravitational lensing and excellent spatial resolution of JWST,…
A number of new $z>11$ galaxy candidates have recently been identified based on public James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) NIRCam observations. Spectroscopic confirmation of these candidates is necessary to robustly measure their redshift and put them in the context of our understanding of the buildup of galaxies in the early Universe. GLASS-z13 is one of these candidates, with a reported photometric redshift $z>11.9$. I present publicly available Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) band 6 Director's Discretionary Time observations (project 2021.A.00020.S; PI T. Bakx), taken to a…
A multi-scale view of molecular gas and magnetic fields in the Antennae galaxies
Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo（奥斯陆大学理论天体物理研究所）；University of South Carolina（南卡罗来纳大学）；Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie（马克斯·普朗克射电天文研究所）；Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CNES, LAM（艾克斯-马赛大学，法国国家科学研究中心，法国国家空间研究中心，拉姆实验室）
We present an analysis of the physical conditions in an extreme molecular cloud in the Antennae merging galaxies. This cloud has properties consistant with those required to form a globular cluster. We have obtained ALMA CO and 870$μ$m observations of the Antennae galaxy system with $\sim 0".5$ resolution. This cloud stands out in the data with a radius of $\lesssim 24$~pc and mass of $>5\times 10^6$~M$_\odot$. The cloud appears capable of forming a globular cluster, but the lack of associated thermal radio emission indicates that star formation has not yet altered the environment. The lack of…
The detection with of the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) of dust-rich high redshift galaxies whose cold dust emission is spatially disconnected from the ultraviolet emission bears a challenge for modelling their spectral energy distributions (SED) with codes based on an energy budget between the stellar and dust components. We test the validity of energy balance modelling on a nearby resolved galaxy with vastly different ultraviolet and infrared spatial distributions and infer what information can be reliably retrieved from the analysis of the full spectral energy distribution. We use 1…
The formation mechanism of super star clusters (SSCs), a present-day analog of the ancient globulars, still remains elusive. The major merger, the Antennae galaxies is forming SSCs and is one of the primary targets to test the cluster formation mechanism. We reanalyzed the archival ALMA CO data of the Antennae and found three typical observational signatures of a cloud-cloud collision toward SSC B1 and other SSCs in the overlap region; i. two velocity components with $\sim$100 km s$^{-1}$ velocity separation, ii. the bridge features connecting the two components, and iii. the complementary spa…
The properties of young massive clusters (YMCs) are key to understanding the star formation mechanism in starburst systems, especially mergers. We present ALMA high-resolution ($\sim$10 pc) continuum (100 and 345 GHz) data of YMCs in the overlap region of the Antennae galaxy. We identify 6 sources in the overlap region, including two sources that lie in the same giant molecular cloud (GMC). These YMCs correspond well with radio sources in lower resolution continuum (100 and 220 GHz) images at GMC scales ($\sim$60 pc). We find most of these YMCs are bound clusters through virial analysis. We es…
Recent attempts to detect [OIII] 88$μ$m emission from super-early ($z>10$) galaxy candidates observed by JWST have been unsuccessful. By using zoom-in simulations, we show that these galaxies are faint, and mostly fall below the local metal-poor $\rm [OIII]-SFR$ relation as a result of their low ionization parameter, $U_{\rm ion}\lesssim 10^{-3}$. Such low $U_{\rm ion}$ values are found in galaxies that are in an early assembly stage, and whose stars are still embedded in high-density natal clouds. However, the most luminous galaxy in our sample ($\rm{log}[L_{\rm{[OIII]}}/L_\odot] = 8.4$, $U_{…
JWST reveals extended stellar disks for ALMA-bright dusty star-forming galaxies in the Spiderweb protocluster
Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院紫金山天文台）；University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学）；Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC)（加那利天体物理研究所）；Universidad de La Laguna（拉各拉纳大学）；National Astronomical Observatory of Japan（日本国立天文台）；Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)（综合研究大学院大学）；Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学）；INAF–Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte（意大利国家天体物理研究所卡波迪蒙特天文台）
We use the CARMA millimeter interferometer to map the Antennae Galaxies (NGC4038/39), tracing the bulk of the molecular gas via the 12CO(1-0) line and denser molecular gas via the high density transitions HCN(1-0), HCO+(1-0), CS(2-1), and HNC(1-0). We detect bright emission from all tracers in both the two nuclei and three locales in the overlap region between the two nuclei. These three overlap region peaks correspond to previously identified "supergiant molecular clouds". We combine the CARMA data with Herschel infrared (IR) data to compare observational indicators of the star formation effi…
ALMA observations of pre-JWST z ~ 10 galaxy candidates: A CO(J = 9-8) line from a ULIRG at z = 2.54 and revisit of the photometric redshifts with JWST photometry
Waseda University（早稻田大学）；University of Tsukuba（筑波大学）
Kogakuin University（工学府大学）；Shizuoka University（静冈大学）；Shunan University（周南大学）；Shibaura Institute of Technology（芝浦工业大学）；RIKEN（理化学研究所）；The University of Tokyo（东京大学）；National Astronomical Observatory of Japan（日本国立天文台）；Kagawa University（香川大学）；Osaka Electro-Communication University（大阪电波大学）；SOKENDAI（综合研究大学院大学）
JWST+ALMA reveal the build up of stellar mass in the cores of dusty star-forming galaxies at Cosmic Noon
University of Massachusetts, Amherst（马萨诸塞大学阿默斯特分校）；Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN)（黎明宇宙中心）；Tufts University（塔夫茨大学）；University of Geneva（日内瓦大学）；Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen（哥本哈根大学尼尔斯·玻尔研究所）；Technical University of Denmark（丹麦技术大学）
Sleeping or Dead? Probing the Quenching Mechanism of JWST Dormant Galaxies at z > 3 with ALMA
University of Geneva（日内瓦大学）；Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN)（宇宙黎明中心）；Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen（哥本哈根大学尼尔斯·玻尔研究所）；University of Sussex（萨塞克斯大学）；Caltech/IPAC（加州理工学院/IPAC）；Université Paris-Saclay（巴黎萨克雷大学）；Université Paris Cité（巴黎西岱大学）；CEA（法国原子能委员会）；CNRS（法国国家科学研究中心）；AIM（天体物理学、信息与微波实验室）；University of Zurich（苏黎世大学）
DREAMS. JWST Spectroscopy of a $z=8.3$ Galaxy with an ALMA Dust Continuum Detection: Early Dust, Very High $T_{\rm dust}$, and a Multi-wavelength [OIII] Ratio Discrepancy
Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, The University of Tokyo（宇宙射线研究所，东京大学）；Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo（理学研究科物理学系，东京大学）；National Astronomical Observatory of Japan（日本国立天文台）；Astronomical Science Program, Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI（综合研究大学院大学天文学研究科，SOKENDAI）；Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (Kavli IPMU, WPI), The University of Tokyo（宇宙线起源研究宇宙前沿中心（Kavli IPMU），东京大学）；Institute of Liberal Arts and Science, Kanazawa University（金泽大学教养部）
JWST & ALMA Joint Analysis with [OII]$λλ$3726,3729, [OIII]$λ$4363, [OIII]88$μ$m, and [OIII]52$μ$m: Multi-Zone Evolution of Electron Densities at $\mathbf{z\sim0-14}$ and Its Impact on Metallicity Measurements
JWST, ALMA, and Keck Spectroscopic Constraints on the UV Luminosity Functions at z~7-14: Clumpiness and Compactness of the Brightest Galaxies in the Early Universe
We report the discovery of two companion sources to a strongly lensed galaxy SPT0418-47 ("ring") at redshift 4.225, targeted by the JWST Early Release Science program. We confirm that these sources are at a similar redshift as the ring based on H$α$ detected in the NIRSpec spectrum, and [C II] 158 $μ$m line from ALMA. Using multiple spectral lines detected in JWST/NIRSpec, the rest-frame optical to infrared images from NIRCam and MIRI, and far-infrared (FIR) dust continuum detected by ALMA, we argue that the newly discovered sources are actually lensed images of the same companion galaxy, here…
Discovery of a Compact Hub-Filament System in G286.21+0.17 with JWST and ALMA: Insights into Protocluster Formation and Competitive Accretion
Peking University（北京大学）；National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand（泰国国家天文研究所）；Gifu University（岐阜大学）；Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar（甘地纳加尔印度理工学院）；Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute（韩国天文学与宇宙科学研究所）；University of Science and Technology, Korea (UST)（韩国科学技术院）；Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology（加州理工学院喷气推进实验室）；Nazarbayev University（纳扎尔巴耶夫大学）
We have combined observations of the Antennae galaxies from the radio interferometer ALMA (Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array) and from the optical interferometer GH$α$FaS (Galaxy H$α$ Fabry-Perot System). The two sets of observations have comparable angular and spectral resolutions, enabling us to identify 142 giant molecular clouds (GMCs) and 303 HII regions. We have measured, and compared, their basic physical properties (radius, velocity dispersion, luminosity). For the HII regions, we find two physical regimes, one for masses $>10^{5.4} \mathrm{M_{\odot}}$ of ionized gas, where …
JWST Spectroscopic Census of ALMA Faint Submillimeter Galaxies in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field
The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI（日本高级研究院）；National Astronomical Observatory of Japan（日本国立天文台）；Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, The University of Tokyo（东京大学宇宙射线研究所）；Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), University of Tokyo（东京大学 Kavli 宇宙物理数学研究所）；David A. Dunlap Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto（多伦多大学大卫·邓普天文学与天体物理学系）；Dunlap Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics（邓普天文学与天体物理学研究所）
EPISODE III: The Nested Jet/Outflow Morphology of EC 53 Revealed by JWST and ALMA
Seoul National University（首尔大学）；Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute（韩国天文学与空间科学研究所）；NRC Herzberg Astronomy and Astrophysics（NRC赫茨伯格天文学与天体物理学研究所）；University of Victoria（维多利亚大学）；Peking University（北京大学）；STScI（太空望远镜科学研究所）
