美国中央平原近雷暴和非雷暴风暴的大气μ子测量
Atmospheric Muon Measurements Near Tornadic and Non-Tornadic Storms in the US Central Plains
AI总结：
本文研究了通过测量大气μ子通量来探测龙卷风暴密度场的方法，利用μ子衰减特性，提出通过μ子通量扰动推断恶劣天气相关密度场的可能。
摘要：
龙卷风和其他严重的天气危害每年都会影响数千人。尽管如此，关于龙卷形成、衰减和持续时间等过程的细节仍不为人知，部分原因是现有仪器的限制。目前，龙卷系统内的大气压力测量几乎完全依赖于现场仪器，而没有现有技术能够提供大气密度场的二维空间信息。大气μ子可能为这一问题提供解决方案：μ子会被物质衰减，而龙卷风暴是大气密度较低的大区域，这表明龙卷风暴会对大气μ子通量产生方向性扰动。对这种扰动的测量可以用来推断与恶劣天气相关的密度场。对这些系统的模拟表明，要获得大气密度场的稳健测量，需要相对较大的μ子探测器，但较小的探测器如果风暴足够大且强烈，可能能够检测到环境μ子通量的扰动。本文介绍了2025年5月进行的试点现场研究的结果，该研究测量了靠近龙卷风暴的大气μ子通量，包括靠近龙卷风暴中性旋涡的μ子通量方向测量，以及在形成龙卷风暴底部的μ子通量测量。
英文摘要：
Tornadoes and other severe weather hazards affect thousands of people every year. Despite this, the details surrounding tornadic processes including formation, decay, and longevity are not well understood, partially due to limitations of available instrumentation. Measurements of atmospheric pressure within tornadic systems currently rely almost entirely on in-situ instrumentation, and no existing techniques can provide two-dimensional spatial information of the atmospheric density field. Atmospheric muons may hold a solution to this problem: muons are attenuated by matter, and tornadic storms are large regions of low atmospheric density, suggesting that tornadic storms induce a directional perturbation on the atmospheric muon flux. Measurements of this perturbation could then be used to infer the density field associated with severe weather. Simulations of these systems indicate that a robust measurement of the atmospheric density field would require a relatively large muon detector, however smaller detectors may be able to detect ambient muon flux perturbations if the storm is large and intense enough. This paper presents results from a pilot field study that measured the atmospheric muon flux near tornadic storms during May 2025, including directional measurements of the muon flux near tornadic mesocyclones and a measurement of the muon flux near the base of a forming tornado.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
