环绕宜居带行星的卫星与环：使用宜居世界天文台II寻找恩多尔
Exomoons and Exorings with the Habitable Worlds Observatory II: Finding Endor with Lunar Eclipses
AI总结：
本文提出通过HWO利用月食检测宜居带内巨行星的宜居卫星，探讨其检测方法及可行性。
摘要：
宜居带内的巨大行星可能拥有适合生命的卫星。在本文中，我们描述了宜居世界天文台（HWO）如何检测这些卫星的方法：广谱反射光月食（例如，月球进入行星阴影）。我们发现，一个地球大小的卫星围绕一颗木星大小的行星在1天文单位处运行，可以在约1微米处比其宿主行星更亮，产生频繁的（天时间尺度）月食，深度约为50%。我们确定，单个月食事件可检测到约12pc的距离，适用于地球大小的卫星，下限为0.9R_⊕。检测较小的卫星，如0.5R_⊕（相当于火星或伽利略卫星伽利略的大小），可能可行，但通常需要多个事件才能检测到大多数系统。这些数小时的事件为HWO提供了检测宜居卫星的清晰途径，只要有足够的观测时间来检测月食。然而，宜居卫星的出现率仍然受限，这使得最终的产出不确定。HWO将能够对围绕巨行星的宜居卫星的频率进行首次有意义的限制；如果这一频率非可忽略，HWO也可能在这些世界上寻找生命，可能通过月食光谱学。
英文摘要：
Giant planets in the habitable zone may host exomoons with conditions conducive to life. In this paper we describe a method by which the Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO) could detect such moons: broadband reflected-light lunar eclipses (e.g., the moon passing into the shadow of the planet). We find that an Earth-like moon orbiting a Jovian-size planet at 1au can outshine its host planet near 1 micron, producing frequent (days time-scale) lunar eclipses with depths of order 50%. We determine that single eclipse events out to $\sim$12pc may be detectable for Earth-like moons around giant planets, down to $0.9R_\oplus$. Detection of smaller moons, $\sim$0.5$R_\oplus$ (corresponding to about the size of Mars or Ganymede), may be possible, but would generally require multiple events for most systems. These several-hour events provide a clear pathway to detecting habitable moons with HWO, given sufficient stare-time on each system to detect lunar eclipses. The occurrence rate of habitable exomoons remains unconstrained, however, making the ultimate yield uncertain. HWO will be capable of placing the first meaningful constraints on the frequency of habitable exomoons around giant planets; if it is non-negligible, HWO could also search for life on these worlds, possibly with lunar eclipse spectroscopy.
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