APoW：对抗区块扣留攻击的可审计工作证明
APoW: Auditable Proof-of-Work Against Block Withholding Attacks
AI总结：
APoW是一种通过可追溯的nonce空间重新扫描实现矿工工作审计的工作证明机制，有效降低区块扣留攻击风险，同时保持传统PoW的核心属性。
摘要：
我们介绍了可审计工作证明（APoW），一种受Hashcash式nonce搜索启发的新工作证明（PoW）构造，它通过可追溯地重新扫描nonce空间，使其他矿工的工作能够被审计。所提出的方案允许矿工以概率方式证明其在先前的挖矿轮次中已搜索指定的nonce空间区域，同时在为新区块或矿池份额进行有效工作时获得奖励。这种能力使矿池中的矿工能够回溯性地审计另一个矿工声称的努力，从而在不需要可信硬件或第三方的情况下，以概率检测区块扣留攻击（BWAs）。因此，该构造支持设计去中心化的矿池，其中工作归因是可验证的，而扣留激励显著减少。该方案保留了传统PoW的基本属性，包括公开验证性和难度调整，同时增加了针对基于矿池的挖矿量身定制的审计层。最后，尽管在比特币中全面部署APoW需要共识规则变更和对矿机的微小修改，但该构造即使在没有共识变更的情况下也具有实际用途，例如作为矿池级别的审计机制，使可验证的付费审计成为可能，利用现有的矿池储备。
英文摘要：
We introduce Auditable Proof-of-Work (APoW), a novel proof-of-work (PoW) construction inspired by Hashcash-style nonce searching, which enables the auditing of other miners' work through accountable re-scanning of the nonce space. The proposed scheme allows a miner to probabilistically attest to having searched specified regions of the nonce space in earlier mining rounds, while concurrently earning rewards for performing productive work for a new block or pool share. This capability enables miners belonging to a mining pools to audit another miner's claimed effort retroactively, thereby allowing the probabilistic detection of block withholding attacks (BWAs) without requiring trusted hardware or trusted third parties. As a consequence, the construction supports the design of decentralized mining pools in which work attribution is verifiable and withholding incentives are substantially reduced. The scheme preserves the fundamental properties of conventional PoW, including public verifiability and difficulty adjustment, while adding an orthogonal auditability layer tailored to pool-based mining. Finally, while a full deployment of APoW in Bitcoin would require a consensus rule change and minor modifications to mining ASICs, the construction remains practically useful even without consensus changes, for instance, as a pool-level auditing mechanism that enables verifiable pay-for-auditing using existing pool reserves.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
