大规模研究地图：对制图学与图示演变的数字调查
Studying Maps at Scale: A Digital Investigation of Cartography and the Evolution of Figuration
AI总结：
本研究通过大规模数据和算法分析，探讨了地图制图的历史演变、图示变化及文化影响。
摘要：
本论文提出了方法和数据集，用于从文化角度对制图遗产进行大规模研究。全球各地的遗产机构已数字化超过一百万张地图，自动化技术现在能够实现对地图内容的大规模识别和提取。然而，这些方法很少涉及制图史，或地图作为语义-符号系统以及反映政治和认知期望的文化对象的观点。本研究利用来自38个数字目录的771561张地图记录和99715张数字化图像的多样化语料库。在规范化后，数据集包含236925名贡献者，跨越六个世纪，从1492年到1948年。这些数据使能够绘制地理结构和全球地图出版的 chronology。制图的空间重点分析与政治动态相关，揭示了大西洋海上制图、三角贸易和殖民扩张之间的联系。进一步的结果记录了国家和国内关注的进展以及军事冲突对出版量的影响。研究引入了语义分割技术和对象检测模型，用于通用识别土地类别和制图符号，这些模型在标注数据和合成图像上进行训练。对土地类别的分析表明，地图是设计图像，其框架和构图通过居中和语义对称性强调特征。对制图图示的研究将6300万符号和2500万碎片编码到潜在的视觉空间中，揭示了图示的变化，如用地形等高线取代地形刻痕，以及符号倾向于形成局部一致的系统。对合作和扩散的分析突显了合法性、更大主体和主要城市在图示规范和语义文化传播中的作用。
英文摘要：
This thesis presents methods and datasets to investigate cartographic heritage on a large scale and from a cultural perspective. Heritage institutions worldwide have digitized more than one million maps, and automated techniques now enable large-scale recognition and extraction of map content. Yet these methods have engaged little with the history of cartography, or the view that maps are semantic-symbolic systems, and cultural objects reflecting political and epistemic expectations. This work leverages a diverse corpus of 771,561 map records and 99,715 digitized images aggregated from 38 digital catalogs. After normalization, the dataset includes 236,925 contributors and spans six centuries, from 1492 to 1948. These data make it possible to chart geographic structures and the global chronology of map publication. The spatial focus of cartography is analyzed in relation to political dynamics, evidencing links between Atlantic maritime charting, the triangular trade, and colonial expansion. Further results document the progression of national, domestic focus and the impact of military conflicts on publication volumes. The research introduces semantic segmentation techniques and object detection models for the generic recognition of land classes and cartographic signs, trained on annotated data and synthetic images. The analysis of land classes shows that maps are designed images whose framing and composition emphasize features through centering and semantic symmetries. The study of cartographic figuration encodes 63 M signs and 25 M fragments into a latent visual space, revealing figurative shifts such as the replacement of relief hachures by terrain contours and showing that signs tend to form locally consistent systems. Analyses of collaboration and diffusion highlight the role of legitimacy, larger actors, and major cities in the spread of figurative norms and semiotic cultures.
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