基于光子计数的重子星合并残骸引力波探测与推断
Photon counting readout for detection and inference of gravitational waves from neutron star merger remnants
AI总结：
本文探讨了通过光子计数读出方案探测和推断重子星合并后引力波的方法，证明该方案在低信噪比情况下能有效检测弱信号，并提升中子星半径测量精度。
摘要：
在重子星双星并合后发出的引力波及其携带的致密物质信息是下一代探测器的优先目标。尽管预期会观测到数百万个信号，但可检测的并合后辐射仍将稀少。本文探索了通过一种以量子噪声主导的数据读出方案（即光子计数）进行并合后可检测性和推断的可能性，这种情况适用于高于1 kHz的频率。在这样的读出方案中，信号和噪声被量化为对应于在选定模式基中检测到单个光子的离散分布。通过模拟数据，我们证明光子计数即使对弱信号也可能是高效的。我们发现，具有0.2信噪比的并合后信号中约1/100个信号会产生单个光子并因此被检测到。此外，在2×10^4个信号（相当于10^-2到1.5年观测）后，光子计数使1.6 M_太阳中子星半径的测量精度提高了两倍。如果减少探测器经典噪声，约束可以进一步收紧。光子计数为从低信噪比并合后信号中提取信息提供了有前景的替代方案，而非传统同频读出技术。
英文摘要：
Gravitational waves emitted after neutron star binary coalescences and the information they carry about dense matter are a high-priority target for next-generation detectors. Even though such detectors are expected to observe millions of signals, detectable postmerger emission will remain rare. In this work, we explore postmerger detectability and inference through an alternative detector readout scheme for data dominated by quantum-noise, which is the case above $1$\,kHz: photon-counting. In such a readout, signals and noise become quantized into discrete distributions corresponding to the detection of single photons measured in a chosen basis of modes. Through simulated data, we demonstrate that photon counting can be efficient even for weak signals. We find ${\sim}1$ in 100 signals with a postmerger signal-to-noise ratio of 0.2 can result in a single photon and thus be detected. Furthermore, after $2\times10^4$ signals -- equivalent to $10^{-2}$ to $1.5$ years of observation -- photon counting results in a twofold improvement in the measurement of the radius of a $1.6\,M_\odot$ neutron star. Constraints can be further tightened if the detector classical noise is reduced. Photon counting offers a promising alternative to traditional homodyne readout techniques for extracting information from low signal-to-noise ratio postmerger signals.
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