银河宇宙射线在深空及屏蔽环境中的时间依赖辐射质量因子<Q>：建模与测量
Time-Dependent Radiation Quality Factor <Q> of Galactic Cosmic Rays in Deep Space and Shielding Environments: Modeling and Measurements
AI总结：
本研究通过建模和测量分析银河宇宙射线在深空及屏蔽环境中的时间依赖辐射质量因子<Q>，探讨太阳调制对辐射质量因子的影响。
摘要：
理解银河宇宙射线（GCR）辐射环境的长期变化对于评估航天探索任务中的辐射风险至关重要。在本研究中，我们系统地建模了GCR的线性能量传递（LET）谱及其对应的辐射质量因子<Q>，在深空和屏蔽环境中。Badhwar-O'Neill 2020（BON20）模型用于表示不同太阳调制势（phi）下的GCR通量，这些势值表征太阳活动水平。GCR与不同厚度的球形屏蔽物相互作用被模拟，以获得LET谱、吸收剂量、剂量当量和<Q>。我们为一系列phi值和屏蔽厚度范围提供了这些量的全面数据集。结果表明<Q>强烈依赖于屏蔽厚度，但仅弱依赖于太阳活动。此外，模型预测通过长期测量验证，这些测量来自绕月运行的宇宙射线探测器（CRaTER）以及绕火星运行的ExoMars痕量气体轨道器（TGO）上的Liulin-MO探测器。在这一比较中，我们考虑了异常宇宙射线（ACR）贡献和GCR和ACR的径向梯度，应用了在1 AU处6.3%和1.5 AU处11.0%的缩放因子到计算的吸收剂量率。通过这些修正，模拟的吸收剂量率和<Q>在薄和厚屏蔽条件下均表现出与观测一致的时间变化。此外，我们研究了轻重GCR核的<Q>的不同的时间演变，揭示了太阳调制如何影响GCR物种的元素辐射质量因子。这些结果为空间辐射质量因子的时间和环境依赖性提供了新的见解，对辐射剂量估计和载人任务设计具有影响。
英文摘要：
Understanding the long-term variation of the galactic cosmic ray (GCR) radiation environment is critical for assessing radiation risks in space exploration missions. In this study, we systematically model the linear energy transfer (LET) spectra of GCRs and the corresponding radiation quality factor, <Q>, in deep space and shielding environments. The Badhwar-O'Neill 2020 (BON20) model is used to represent GCR fluxes under different solar modulation potentials (phi), which characterize the level of solar activity. GCR interactions with spherical shielding of different thicknesses are simulated to obtain the LET spectra, absorbed dose, dose equivalent, and <Q>. We present a comprehensive dataset of these quantities for a range of phi values and shielding thicknesses. The results show that <Q> depends strongly on the shielding thickness but only weakly on solar activity. Furthermore, model predictions are validated against long-term measurements from the Cosmic Ray Telescope for the Effects of Radiation (CRaTER) orbiting the Moon, and the Liulin-MO detector on board the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) orbiting Mars. In this comparison, we consider factors for anomalous cosmic ray (ACR) contributions and radial gradients of both GCRs and ACRs, applying scaling factors of 6.3% at 1 AU and 11.0% at 1.5 AU to the calculated absorbed dose rate. With these corrections, the modeled absorbed dose rate and <Q> exhibit consistent temporal variations with the observations under both thin and thick shielding conditions. Moreover, we investigate the distinct temporal evolution of <Q> for light and heavy GCR nuclei, revealing how solar modulation influences the elemental radiation quality factor across GCR species. These results offer new insights into the temporal and environmental dependence of the space radiation quality factor, with implications for radiation dose estimate and crewed mission design.
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