夸克色的两种面貌：冷战分界线上的并行典范
Two Shades of Quark Color: Parallel Canons across the Cold War Divide
AI总结：
本文探讨冷战期间夸克色概念的两种不同发展路径，揭示QCD与杜布纳方法在本体论和哲学上的根本分歧。
摘要：
色量子数的引入通常被叙述为从夸克模型统计悖论到量子色动力学（QCD）的线性发展。本文挑战这种结论性叙述，认为“色”在冷战期间作为两个概念上截然不同的构造出现。第一种起源于韩和名护，并最终发展为QCD，将色视为局部规范电荷，是通过胶子中介的基本力的来源。第二种则在杜布纳联合核研究中心（JINR）发展，将色视为隐藏的、三值标签——复合S矩阵影响的强子模型中的统计和结构属性。我们追踪这些并行叙述，将杜布纳方法与一种优先考虑可观测振幅和全局约束的整体认识论联系起来，并将QCD方法与基于微观动力学的还原主义计划联系起来。费米实验室E-36实验链（1970-78）的案例研究显示，一种以可观测性优先、针对S矩阵和Regge约束在前向弹性散射的实验设计——在其自然领域内表现稳健，但最终因理论兴趣和参与度下降而终止。随后QCD的主导地位将其规范理论的色观念回溯到历史，抹去了这一认识论多样性。我们得出结论，杜布纳结构色的边缘化不仅是冷战政治结果，也是深刻的本体论和哲学分歧的结果，呼吁在粒子物理史中采用领域敏感的多元主义。
英文摘要：
The introduction of the color quantum number is conventionally narrated as a linear progression from the quark-model statistics paradox to quantum chromodynamics (QCD). This paper challenges that teleology by arguing that "color" emerged as two conceptually distinct constructs during the Cold War. The first, originating with Han and Nambu and culminating in QCD, conceived of color as a local gauge charge, the source of a fundamental force mediated by gluons. The second, developed at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna, treated color as a hidden, three-valued label--a statistical and structural property within a composite, S-matrix-inflected hadron model. We trace these parallel narratives, linking the Dubna approach to a holist epistemology that prioritizes observable amplitudes and global constraints, and the QCD approach to a reductionist program grounded in micro-dynamics. A case study of Fermilab's E-36 experimental chain (1970--78) shows how an observables-first design-tuned to S-matrix and Regge constraints on forward elastic scattering--performed robustly within its natural domain but was ultimately discontinued amid declining theoretical interest and involvement. The subsequent hegemony of QCD retroactively projected its gauge-theoretic conception of color onto history, erasing this epistemic diversity. We conclude that the marginalization of Dubna's structural color was not merely a political outcome of the Cold War but a result of deep ontological and philosophical divergences, advocating for a domain-sensitive pluralism in the historiography of particle physics.
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