用于表征系外类地行星的流体空间组装反射镜与双构型光谱仪的光学设计路径
Optical Design Pathways to Fluidic Space-Assembled Reflectors & Dual-Configuration Spectrographs for Characterizing Exo-Earths
AI总结：
该研究提出流体空间组装望远镜的光学设计框架与三类路径，同时设计了适配HWO的双构型光谱仪，可切换两种分辨本领模式以提升系外类地行星大气表征能力。
摘要：
**流体望远镜** | 我们提出了一种用于空间组装望远镜光学设计的概念框架，其主镜通过流体成形这一具备尺度不变性的支撑技术原位形成。空间组装光学反射镜可解决目前限制空间光学望远镜的聚光孔径缩放问题。我们的框架将顶层光学设计权衡简化为三类路径——流体路径、基于詹姆斯·韦伯空间望远镜（James Webb Space Telescope）的传统路径，以及混合解决方案——研究聚焦于系外类地行星探测。以流体路径为主的方案首先会衍生出后主焦点架构。我们将该构型应用于提出一种约1米级技术验证与探路样机的初步光学设计，该样机可支撑流体望远镜孔径缩放至直径数十米量级。\n**双构型光谱仪** | 宜居世界天文台（Habitable Worlds Observatory, HWO）将是首个具备高对比度直接成像与反射星光遥感光谱表征能力的任务，用于研究银河系近邻的系外类地行星。我们提出了一种紧凑型双构型HWO光谱仪的新概念，其设计适配至少覆盖600–1000 nm的宽波长范围。该设计可通过滑块机构互换色散元件，同时保留其余光路，既能实现光谱分辨本领R~140的积分场光谱仪模式，也能切换为R约10³的单目标或多目标光谱仪模式。尽管R~140对于760 nm附近的O₂吸收A带接近最优，但更高的R值可结合光谱互相关匹配滤波技术，提升HWO的大气表征等能力。
英文摘要：
$\textbf{Fluidic Telescopes}$ | We present a conceptual framework for optically designing space-assembled telescopes whose primary mirror is formed $\textit{in situ}$ via the enabling, scale-invariant technology of fluidic shaping. In-space assembly of optical reflectors can solve light-gathering aperture scaling, which currently limits space-borne optical telescopes. Our compass reduces the top-level optical design trade to three types of avenues---a fluidic pathway, a legacy one building upon the James Webb Space Telescope, and hybrid solutions---with a focus on exo-Earths. A primarily fluidic pathway leads, in the first place, to a post-prime-focus architecture. We apply this configuration to propose the tentative optical design for a ~1-m technology demonstrator and pathfinder for fluidic-telescope apertures scaling up to many tens of meters in diameter. $\textbf{Dual-Configuration Spectrographs}$ | The Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO) will be the first mission equipped for the high-contrast direct imaging and remote spectral characterization, in reflected starlight, of exo-Earths in our galactic neighborhood. We present a novel concept for a compact, dual-configuration HWO spectrograph tailored for a broad wavelength range covering at least 600--1000 nm. Our design can interchange dispersive elements via a slider mechanism while preserving the rest of the optical path, enabling both a spectral resolving power $R$~140 integral-field spectrograph and a single- or multi-object spectrograph with $R$ on the order of 10$^3$. Although $R$~140 is near-optimal for the $O_2$ absorption $A$-band around 760 nm, higher values of $R$ can be utilized with spectral cross-correlation matched-filter techniques to enhance, e.g., HWO's atmospheric characterization capabilities.
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