正态性与图灵测试
Normality and the Turing Test
AI总结：
本文从正态性概念重新审视图灵测试，论证其本质是正常评判者对正常智能的统计测试，并指出ChatGPT等大语言模型因追求卓越表现而偏离图灵原始目标，应称为人工聪明而非人工智能。
摘要：
本文提议通过正态性（normality）概念重新审视图灵测试。其核心论点是，图灵测试是一种由正常评判者评估的正常智能测试。首先，从图灵测试针对的是正常/普通而非卓越的人类智能这一意义上说，成功通过测试要求机器像正常/普通人一样“犯错误”并表现出不完美的行为。其次，从图灵测试是一种统计测试这一意义上说，智能判断从来不是由单个“普通”评判者（理解为非专家）作出的，而总是由一个完整的评审团作出。因此，图灵在其原始论文中所谈到的“普通人类询问者”概念，主要应被理解为一种数学抽象，由多个评判者个体判断的归一化聚合构成。本文的结论有两点。第一，本文认为，像ChatGPT这样的大语言模型不太可能通过图灵测试，因为这些模型恰恰针对的是卓越而非正常/普通的人类智能。因此，它们构成了本文提议称为“人工聪明”（artificial smartness）而非“人工智能”（artificial intelligence）的模型，因为它们偏离了图灵关于人工心智建模的原始目标。第二，本文认为，图灵测试中对正常人类行为的客观化是失败的，原因在于该测试的游戏配置最终客观化的是关于正常行为的规范性理想，而非正常行为本身。
英文摘要：
This paper proposes to revisit the Turing test through the concept of normality. Its core argument is that the Turing test is a test of normal intelligence as assessed by a normal judge. First, in the sense that the Turing test targets normal/average rather than exceptional human intelligence, so that successfully passing the test requires machines to "make mistakes" and display imperfect behavior just like normal/average humans. Second, in the sense that the Turing test is a statistical test where judgments of intelligence are never carried out by a single "average" judge (understood as non-expert) but always by a full jury. As such, the notion of "average human interrogator" that Turing talks about in his original paper should be understood primarily as referring to a mathematical abstraction made of the normalized aggregate of individual judgments of multiple judges. Its conclusions are twofold. First, it argues that large language models such as ChatGPT are unlikely to pass the Turing test as those models precisely target exceptional rather than normal/average human intelligence. As such, they constitute models of what it proposes to call artificial smartness rather than artificial intelligence, insofar as they deviate from the original goal of Turing for the modeling of artificial minds. Second, it argues that the objectivization of normal human behavior in the Turing test fails due to the game configuration of the test which ends up objectivizing normative ideals of normal behavior rather than normal behavior per se.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
