自然、人工智能和人类智能
Natural, Artificial, and Human Intelligences
AI总结：
本文探讨了人类是否是唯一具有智能的生物，分析了人工智能、动物智能及语言在智能发展中的作用，并指出聊天机器人在智能方面的局限性及未来发展方向。
摘要：
人类在文化、科学和技术领域的成就在已知存在中是无与伦比的。这种成就得益于知识的庞大社区，这归功于语言：撇开神学内容不说，可以说“起初是话语”，而在西方社会中，这特别与书面语言联系在一起。这给现代聊天机器人带来了挑战：它们似乎能够像我们一样处理语言，因此自然地产生一个问题，即它们是否可以被视为具有智能，就像我们一样，或者否则。人类是否是唯一具有智能的？我们从关于智能的心理学文献、非人类动物中的智能证据、书面语言在科学和技术中的作用、人工智能的进步、智能测试的历史（对人类和机器都适用），以及智能中的身体性作用等方面考虑这个问题。我们认为，将人类视为唯一智能的观念正变得越来越困难。聊天机器人目前存在一些限制，例如感知和社会意识方面，但目前很多关注都致力于克服这些限制。
英文摘要：
Human achievement, whether in culture, science, or technology, is unparalleled in the known existence. This achievement is tied to the enormous communities of knowledge, made possible by language: leaving theological content aside, it is very much true that "in the beginning was the word", and that in Western societies, this became particularly identified with the written word. There lies the challenge regarding modern age chatbots: they can 'do' language apparently as well as ourselves and there is a natural question of whether they can be considered intelligent, in the same way as we are or otherwise. Are humans uniquely intelligent? We consider this question in terms of the psychological literature on intelligence, evidence for intelligence in non-human animals, the role of written language in science and technology, progress with artificial intelligence, the history of intelligence testing (for both humans and machines), and the role of embodiment in intelligence. We think that it is increasingly difficult to consider humans uniquely intelligent. There are current limitations in chatbots, e.g., concerning perceptual and social awareness, but much attention is currently devoted to overcoming such limitations.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
