真实尺度的光滑粒子流体动力学海啸爬高模拟，及其在印度尼西亚南爪哇芝拉扎三维海啸城市流中的应用
Real-scale Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics Tsunami Runup Modelling, with application to 3-D tsunami urban flows in Cilacap, South Java, Indonesia
AI总结：
本文首次将光滑粒子流体动力学（SPH）用于约1公里真实尺度的海啸城市流模拟，以印度尼西亚芝拉扎为例，并结合多级测试案例验证，为概率海啸风险评估提供了可行路径。
摘要：
目前海啸波带来的风险是由海啸模型在裸地表示上进行模拟的。建筑物和结构周围的复杂流动对于真实反映海啸波高程、速度以及施加在建筑物上的力至关重要。此类三维模拟在合理的计算成本下一直无法用于真实尺度建模。我们在此首次展示了光滑粒子流体动力学（SPH）在约1公里大尺度真实场景中的海啸模拟应用。我们的示例针对印度尼西亚芝拉扎，这构成了未来南爪哇情景的蓝图。SPH能够高效模拟激波以及水流与结构之间的复杂相互作用。我们还提供了一系列复杂性和真实性逐步增加的测试案例，以调校和验证此类真实模拟，包括著名的俄勒冈州海滨简化海滩的1:50比例案例。我们能够重现真实波高、速度甚至观测到的涡流。我们提供了指导，并讨论了在流动参数化、边界条件以及保真度与计算成本之间的权衡方面的各种选择。因此，通过结合使用深度平均模型进行海啸区域模拟（生成与传播）以及使用SPH进行海岸模拟，概率海啸风险评估（PTRA）将成为可能。
英文摘要：
The risk posed by tsunami waves is currently modelled over bare-earth representations by tsunami models. The complex flows around buildings and structures are crucial to represent the true state of the tsunami wave elevation, speed and forces exerted on buildings. Such 3D simulations have been unachievable for real scale modelling at a reasonable computational cost. We present here for the first time the use of Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) for tsunami simulation in a real setting of large scale (around 1 km). Our illustration is for Cilacap, Indonesia as constitutes a blueprint for future scenarios in South Java. SPH allows for the efficient modelling of shocks and complex interations of the flows with the structures. We also offer a range of test cases of increasing complexity and realism to tune and validate such realistic simulations, including the well known simplified beach of Seaside, Oregon at scale 1:50. We are able to reproduce realistic wave heights, velocities and even observed eddies. We provide guidance and discuss the various choices in terms of flow parametrisations, boundary conditions, and the trade-off of fidelity. computational cost. As a result, Probabilistic Tsunami Risk Assessments (PTRA) will become possible by making use a of combination of regional modelling of tsunamis with depth-average models (generation and propagation) as well as coastal modelling using SPH.
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