对引力吸引的复合反物质与引力排斥的非复合反物质的支持
Support for Gravitationally-Attractive Composite Antimatter and Gravitationally-Repulsive Non-composite Antimatter
AI总结：
本文指出ALPHA实验仅测量了复合反物质（反氢）的引力效应，提出价反夸克等非复合反物质可能受地球引力排斥，并建议通过反夸克与引力场直接相互作用实验及AMS-01数据验证。
摘要：
ALPHA合作组近期在《Nature》第621期（2023年）发表了文章《Observation of the effects of gravity on the motion of antimatter》，其结论指出：“我们的数据与排斥性引力一致的概率极小，在定量上毫无意义（小于$10^{-15}$）。因此，我们可以排除地球与反物质之间存在量级为1$g$的排斥性引力。”确实，他们的实验证明了反氢向地球下落。然而，反氢是一种复合粒子，其质量与质子一样，主要由结合能的质量主导。在本文中，我们指出他们的实验仅测量了对复合反物质的引力效应，而未测量自由或价反物质粒子（如反夸克或反轻子）的引力效应。在此，我们回顾了支持价反夸克受到地球引力场量级为$g$的排斥的各种理论框架。我们表明，ALPHA合作组近期的结果实际上可能与约15%的排斥性引力分量一致。接下来，我们回顾了关于反夸克与地球引力场直接相互作用实验的概念，该实验应能提供非复合反粒子引力排斥的无可辩驳证据。最后，我们建议由AMS-01收集的、来自宇宙质子与和平号空间站相互作用的次级粒子的现有数据，可能有助于证明我们提出实验的可行性。
英文摘要：
The ALPHA collaboration recently published the article "Observation of the effects of gravity on the motion of antimatter" in issue 621 of Nature (2023), in which their conclusion states that "The probability that our data are consistent with repulsive gravity is so small as to be quantitatively meaningless (less than $10^{-15}$). Consequently, we can rule out the existence of repulsive gravity of magnitude 1$g$ between the Earth and antimatter." Indeed, their experiment proved that antihydrogen falls toward the Earth. Antihydrogen, however, is a composite particle and its mass, like that of the proton, is dominated by the mass of its binding energy. In this paper, we point out that their experiment only measures the gravitational effect on composite antimatter, and not free or valence antimatter particles such as antiquarks or antileptons. Here, we review the various theoretical frameworks supporting the possibility that valence antiquarks experience a repulsion of the order $g$ by the Earth's gravitational field. We show that the ALPHA collaboration's recent result may actually be consistent with a repulsive gravitational component of about 15%. Next, we review our concept for a direct interaction experiment between antiquarks and the Earth's gravitational field, which should be capable of providing irrefutable evidence of the gravitational repulsion of non-composite antiparticles. Finally, we suggest that existing data, collected by AMS-01 of daughter particles from cosmic protons interacting with the Mir space station, may help demonstrate the feasibility of our proposed experiment.
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