HERACLES++：面向百亿亿次计算的多维欧拉代码
HERACLES++: A multidimensional Eulerian code for exascale computing
AI总结：
本文介绍面向百亿亿次计算的高可移植欧拉流体动力学代码HERACLES++，支持多维模拟，并验证了其在超新星激波传播模拟中的有效性。
摘要：
多维天体物理流体的数值模拟面临相当大的挑战。然而，百亿亿次计算的发展显著提升了计算能力，促使人们开发能够充分利用这些资源的新代码。在本文中，我们介绍了HERACLES++，一种具有高可移植性的新流体动力学代码，针对具有不同架构的百亿亿次机器进行了优化，并能在CPU和GPU上高效运行。该代码采用欧拉方法，并使用Godunov有限体积法求解流体动力学方程，这确保了捕捉激波和不连续性的准确性。它包含不同的黎曼求解器、状态方程和引力求解器。它适用于笛卡尔坐标和球坐标，支持一维、二维或三维，并使用被动标量来处理具有多种成分的气体。代码接受用户提供的加热或冷却项，以处理各种天体物理场景。除了常规的一系列基准测试外，我们使用HERACLES++模拟了超新星激波在红超巨星包层中的传播，从核心坍缩后几分钟到激波突破。在一维情况下，HERACLES++的结果与相同配置下V1D的结果一致。在三维情况下，瑞利-泰勒不稳定性发展，并通过引入密度和成分波动以及湍流来改变一维图像。专注于楔形区域而非整个立体角，以及使用大量GPU运行HERACLES++的能力，使得能够以亚度分辨率进行三维超新星喷射物的长期模拟。未来的发展将把HERACLES++扩展为辐射流体动力学代码。
英文摘要：
Numerical simulations of multidimensional astrophysical fluids present considerable challenges. However, the development of exascale computing has significantly enhanced computational capabilities, motivating the development of new codes that can take full advantage of these resources. In this article, we introduce HERACLES++, a new hydrodynamics code with high portability, optimized for exascale machines with different architectures and running efficiently both on CPUs and GPUs. The code is Eulerian and employs a Godunov finite-volume method to solve the hydrodynamics equations, which ensures accuracy in capturing shocks and discontinuities. It includes different Riemann solvers, equations of state, and gravity solvers. It works in Cartesian and spherical coordinates, either in 1D, 2D, or 3D, and uses passive scalars to handle gases with several species. The code accepts a user-supplied heating or cooling term to treat a variety of astrophysical contexts. In addition to the usual series of benchmarking tests, we use HERACLES++ to simulate the propagation of a supernova shock in a red-supergiant star envelope, from minutes after core collapse until shock emergence. In 1D, the results from HERACLES++ are in agreement with those of V1D for the same configuration. In 3D, the Rayleigh-Taylor instability develops and modifies the 1D picture by introducing density and composition fluctuations as well as turbulence. The focus on a wedge, rather than the full solid angle, and the ability to run HERACLES++ with a large number of GPUs allow for long-term simulations of 3D supernova ejecta with a sub-degree resolution. Future developments will extend HERACLES++ to a radiation-hydrodynamics code.
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