AI 推动法律改革规模化：圣克拉拉县种族限制性契约的测绘与删改
AI for Scaling Legal Reform: Mapping and Redacting Racial Covenants in Santa Clara County
AI总结：
本文与圣克拉拉县合作，利用微调的开源大语言模型高效检测房产契约中的种族限制性条款，大幅降低人工与成本，并揭示其历史分布与少数开发商的关键作用。
摘要：
鉴于法律、法典和记录的数量庞大、复杂性及相互依存性，法律改革可能面临巨大挑战。一个突出的例子是限制和删除种族限制性契约的努力，这些契约是历史上禁止特定种族个人购买房屋的房产契约条款。尽管最高法院在 1948 年裁定此类种族契约不可执行，但它们仍存在于美国各地的房产记录中。许多司法管辖区已着手识别并删除这些条款，其中包括加利福尼亚州，该州于 2021 年强制要求所有县实施此类流程。然而，规模可能令人望而生畏，仅圣克拉拉县（SCC）就拥有超过 2400 万份房产契约文件，使得纯粹的人工审查不可行。我们提出了一种解决这一紧迫问题的新方法，该方法是通过与 SCC 书记官-记录官办公室合作开发的。首先，我们利用一个开放的大型语言模型，经过微调以高精度和高召回率检测种族契约。我们估计，该系统减少了 86,500 人时的人工工作量，且成本不到同类现成闭源模型成本的 2%。其次，我们说明了该县将该模型整合到负责任的运营实践中的情况，包括法律审查和历史登记册的创建，并发布我们的模型以协助数百个从事类似工作的司法管辖区。最后，我们的结果揭示了种族契约使用的不同时期、明显的地理聚集性，以及少数开发商在维持住房歧视方面所起的不成比例的作用。我们估计，到 1950 年，全县四分之一的房产受到种族契约的约束。
英文摘要：
Legal reform can be challenging in light of the volume, complexity, and interdependence of laws, codes, and records. One salient example of this challenge is the effort to restrict and remove racially restrictive covenants, clauses in property deeds that historically barred individuals of specific races from purchasing homes. Despite the Supreme Court holding such racial covenants unenforceable in 1948, they persist in property records across the United States. Many jurisdictions have moved to identify and strike these provisions, including California, which mandated in 2021 that all counties implement such a process. Yet the scale can be overwhelming, with Santa Clara County (SCC) alone having over 24 million property deed documents, making purely manual review infeasible. We present a novel approach to addressing this pressing issue, developed through a partnership with the SCC Clerk-Recorder's Office. First, we leverage an open large language model, finetuned to detect racial covenants with high precision and recall. We estimate that this system reduces manual efforts by 86,500 person hours and costs less than 2% of the cost for a comparable off-the-shelf closed model. Second, we illustrate the County's integration of this model into responsible operational practice, including legal review and the creation of a historical registry, and release our model to assist the hundreds of jurisdictions engaged in similar efforts. Finally, our results reveal distinct periods of utilization of racial covenants, sharp geographic clustering, and the disproportionate role of a small number of developers in maintaining housing discrimination. We estimate that by 1950, one in four properties across the County were subject to racial covenants.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
