在宇宙历史中寻找耦合的超轻标量粒子
Searching for coupled, hyperlight scalars across cosmic history
AI总结：
本研究通过分析宇宙微波背景等多类观测，结合早期与晚期宇宙数据，对超轻二次耦合标量给出严格约束，拓展了相关天体物理与实验室限制范围。
摘要：
与标准模型耦合的宇宙学标量场会导致基本常数随时间变化，且变化幅度随红移增大，这使得早期宇宙成为研究此类模型的有力工具。我们研究了从早期宇宙到当下耦合标量的动力学与现象学，以一致地利用大量针对时变常数的研究以及标量引力效应的宇宙学特征。我们计算了标准模型粒子对标量动力学的介质内贡献，并发现仅在有限的耦合范围内，标量才会对基本常数产生可观测的影响，同时既不会在复合期前演化，也不会产生不可忽略的引力效应。随后我们将现有的实验室和天体物理限制拓展到超轻标量区间。我们给出了来自早期和晚期宇宙的联合限制，专门针对超轻、二次耦合的标量——这类标量会调制电子质量或电磁相互作用强度，且构成了当今暗物质的一个子组分。我们对宇宙微波背景、重子声学振荡以及Ia型超新星观测的专门分析，对质量处于$10^{-28.5}$到约$10^{-31}~\text{eV}$区间的二次耦合标量给出了最严格的约束，在该质量以下，类星体吸收光谱能给出更强的限制。这些结果共同将构成当前暗物质密度百分之几的超轻标量，限制在与电子或光子的耦合接近引力或低于引力的水平。
英文摘要：
Cosmological scalar fields coupled to the Standard Model drive temporal variations in the fundamental constants that grow with redshift, positioning the early Universe as a powerful tool to study such models. We investigate the dynamics and phenomenology of coupled scalars from the early Universe to the present to consistently leverage the myriad searches for time-varying constants and the cosmological signatures of scalars' gravitational effects. We compute the in-medium contribution from Standard Model particles to the scalar's dynamics and identify only a limited range of couplings for which the scalar has an observable impact on the fundamental constants without either evolving before recombination or gravitating nonnegligibly. We then extend existing laboratory and astrophysical bounds to the hyperlight scalar regime. We present joint limits from the early and late Universe, specializing to hyperlight, quadratically coupled scalars that modulate the mass of the electron or the strength of electromagnetism and make up a subcomponent of the dark matter today. Our dedicated analysis of observations of the cosmic microwave background, baryon acoustic oscillations, and type Ia supernovae provides the most stringent constraints on quadratically coupled scalars with masses from $10^{-28.5}$ to $\sim 10^{-31}~\mathrm{eV}$, below which quasar absorption spectra yield stronger bounds. These results jointly limit hyperlight scalars that comprise a few percent of the current dark matter density to near- or subgravitational couplings to electrons or photons.
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