数字把关：一项关于搜索引擎结果对以色列-巴勒斯坦冲突查询进行定制化的审计研究
Digital Gatekeeping: An Audit of Search Engine Results shows tailoring of queries on the Israel-Palestine Conflict
AI总结：
本文通过隐私保护工具审计 DuckDuckGo、Google 和 Yahoo，发现以色列-巴勒斯坦冲突相关搜索存在基于位置和浏览历史的显著定制化，且结果并非中立。
摘要：
搜索引擎通常被视为可靠的信息门户，但它们会利用基于用户偏好、位置等因素的定制化算法来调整搜索结果。虽然这对常规查询可能有用，但当主题敏感或具有争议性时，就会引发担忧，可能限制用户接触多元观点并加剧极化。为考察这种定制化的程度，我们聚焦于以色列-巴勒斯坦冲突，开发了一种保护隐私的工具，用于审计三个搜索引擎的行为：DuckDuckGo、Google 和 Yahoo。我们的研究围绕两个主要问题：（1）不同用户对同一冲突相关查询的搜索结果有何差异？（2）这些结果是否受用户位置和浏览历史的影响？我们的发现揭示了基于位置和浏览偏好的显著定制化，这与先前研究发现一般主题仅存在轻微个性化的结论不同。此外，与冲突相关的查询比不相关的查询被定制化的程度更高，而且搜索结果在冲突的呈现上并非中立。
英文摘要：
Search engines, often viewed as reliable gateways to information, tailor search results using customization algorithms based on user preferences, location, and more. While this can be useful for routine queries, it raises concerns when the topics are sensitive or contentious, possibly limiting exposure to diverse viewpoints and increasing polarization. To examine the extent of this tailoring, we focused on the Israel-Palestine conflict and developed a privacy-protecting tool to audit the behavior of three search engines: DuckDuckGo, Google and Yahoo. Our study focused on two main questions: (1) How do search results for the same query about the conflict vary among different users? and (2) Are these results influenced by the user's location and browsing history? Our findings revealed significant customization based on location and browsing preferences, unlike previous studies that found only mild personalization for general topics. Moreover, queries related to the conflict were more customized than unrelated queries, and the results were not neutral concerning the conflict's portrayal.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
