H-MBR：面向混合关键性系统的虚拟机监控器级内存带宽预留
H-MBR: Hypervisor-level Memory Bandwidth Reservation for Mixed Criticality Systems
AI总结：
本文提出H-MBR，一种开源、以VM为中心且与操作系统和平台无关的hypervisor级内存带宽预留机制，以极低开销实现混合关键性系统的时间隔离。
摘要：
近年来，汽车和航空航天等领域的进步推动了对强大计算资源日益增长的需求。曾经为基本MCU设计的应用程序如今部署在高度异构的SoC平台上。虽然这些平台提供了必要的计算性能，但它们也带来了与资源共享和可预测性相关的挑战。当整合安全关键和非安全关键系统（即所谓的混合关键性系统，MCS）以满足严格的SWaP-C要求时，这些挑战尤为突出。在共享平台上进行MCS整合需要严格的时空隔离，以符合功能安全标准。虚拟化（主要由hypervisor实现）是确保多个操作系统和应用程序之间空间隔离的关键技术；然而，由于共享硬件资源上的争用，确保时间隔离仍然具有挑战性，这会影响实时性能和可预测性。为了缓解这一问题，人们提出了缓存着色和内存带宽预留等多种策略。尽管缓存着色通常在先进的hypervisor上实现，但内存带宽预留方法通常在Linux内核级别实现或依赖专用硬件，并且通常不考虑可运行不同操作系统的VM的概念。为了填补当前内存带宽预留方案与在hypervisor上运行的MCS部署之间的空白，本文引入了H-MBR，一种开源的以VM为中心的内存带宽预留机制。H-MBR具有以下特点：(i) 以VM为中心的带宽预留，(ii) 操作系统和平台无关性，以及(iii) 降低的开销。实证结果表明，对未受调控的工作负载没有开销，对于调控周期为2微秒或更长的受调控工作负载，开销可忽略不计（<1%）。
英文摘要：
Recent advancements in fields such as automotive and aerospace have driven a growing demand for robust computational resources. Applications that were once designed for basic MCUs are now deployed on highly heterogeneous SoC platforms. While these platforms deliver the necessary computational performance, they also present challenges related to resource sharing and predictability. These challenges are particularly pronounced when consolidating safety and non-safety-critical systems, the so-called Mixed-Criticality Systems (MCS) to adhere to strict SWaP-C requirements. MCS consolidation on shared platforms requires stringent spatial and temporal isolation to comply with functional safety standards. Virtualization, mainly leveraged by hypervisors, is a key technology that ensures spatial isolation across multiple OSes and applications; however, ensuring temporal isolation remains challenging due to contention on shared hardwar resources, which impacts real-time performance and predictability. To mitigate this problem, several strategies as cache coloring and memory bandwidth reservation have been proposed. Although cache coloring is typically implemented on state-of-the-art hypervisors, memory bandwidth reservation approaches are commonly implemented at the Linux kernel level or rely on dedicated hardware and typically do not consider the concept of VMs that can run different OSes. To fill the gap between current memory bandwidth reservation solutions and the deployment of MCSs that operate on a hypervisor, this work introduces H-MBR, an open-source VM-centric memory bandwidth reservation mechanism. H-MBR features (i) VM-centric bandwidth reservation, (ii) OS and platform agnosticism, and (iii) reduced overhead. Empirical results evidenced no overhead on non-regulated workloads, and negligible overhead (<1%) for regulated workloads for regulation periods of 2 us or higher.
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