可进化体细胞衰老理论：来自计算机模拟的洞见
Evolvable Soma Theory of Ageing: Insights from Computer Simulations
AI总结：
本研究通过计算机模拟验证可进化体细胞衰老理论（ESTA），该理论认为衰老是有害突变累积的结果。实验对比三种基因表达情景，发现可进化基因起始值结合分散适应度评估的方案在算法效率和生物学合理性上最优。
摘要：
生物进化不断优化物种的设计，在数十万年的时间里产生高度优化的生物体。直觉上，我们预期随机变化——进化的主要机制——更可能是有害的而非有益的，导致进化中的物种普遍出现有害效应。可进化体细胞衰老理论（ESTA）提出，衰老正是这些有害效应的累积结果，这些效应主要造成身体损伤，而少数可能产生进化可以利用的有益适应。虽然可弃体细胞理论将衰老视为有限进化压力的结果，但ESTA认为衰老本质上是进化在起作用。在本研究中，我们通过计算机模拟收集支持该理论的证据。我们使用一个平台进行实验，在该平台中，基因与决定其表达时间的起始值相关联。我们测试了三种情景：一种是单点适应度评估、恒定突变率和固定基因起始值；一种是单点适应度评估、依赖起始值的突变率和固定基因起始值；还有一种是分散适应度评估、依赖起始值的突变率和可进化的基因起始值。最后一种情景体现了可进化体细胞假说，在算法效率和生物学合理性方面均表现出优于其他情景的性能。
英文摘要：
Biological evolution continuously refines the design of species, resulting in highly optimised organisms over hundreds of millennia. Intuitively, we expect that random changes-evolution's primary mechanism-are more likely to be harmful than beneficial, leading to widespread detrimental effects in evolving species. The Evolvable Soma Theory of Ageing (ESTA) suggests that ageing is the cumulative result of these harmful effects, which predominantly cause bodily damage, while a few may lead to beneficial adaptations that evolution can exploit. While the disposable soma theory views ageing as a consequence of limited evolutionary pressure, ESTA posits that ageing is essentially evolution in action. In this study, we gather evidence supporting this theory through computer simulations. We conduct experiments using a platform where genes are linked to onset values that determine when they are expressed. Three scenarios are tested: one with single-point fitness evaluation, constant mutation rate and fixed gene onsets; one with single-point fitness evaluation, onset-dependent mutation rate and fixed gene onsets; and one with spread fitness evaluation, onset-dependent mutation rate and evolvable gene onsets. The last scenario, which embodies the evolvable soma hypothesis, demonstrates superior performance in both algorithmic efficiency and biological plausibility compared to the others.
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