驱动的染色体模型：有丝分裂
Motorized Chromosome Models of Mitosis
AI总结：
本文提出了一种驱动染色体模型，研究分子马达在有丝分裂中染色体组织中的作用，揭示condensin I和II在形成分层螺旋结构中的不同角色。
摘要：
在有丝分裂过程中，近球形的染色体重新配置为杆状结构，以确保其准确分配到子细胞。本文探讨了分子马达的非平衡活动如何决定有丝分裂中的染色体组织及其特征的对称性破坏事件的相互作用。我们提出了一种混合的驱动染色体模型，突显了condensin I和II在塑造有丝分裂染色体中的不同作用。根据实验观察，模拟表明，condensin II促进大规模支架的形成，而condensin I在局部螺旋环状排列中至关重要。共同作用下，这两种不同的抓握马达建立了有丝分裂染色体的分层螺旋结构，该结构表现出显著的局部和有时全局的旋向性，并对有丝分裂染色体的鲁棒机械特性做出贡献。伴随刚性的出现，该模型提供了形成缺陷的机制，包括翻转和纠缠，并展示了这些缺陷如何通过condensin活性和拓扑异构酶的作用部分解决。这一框架连接了粗粒度的能量景观模型和非平衡分子动力学，推动了对细胞分裂过程中染色体组织的理解，并扩展到更广泛的领域。
英文摘要：
During mitosis, near-spherical chromosomes reconfigure into rod-like structures to ensure their accurate segregation to daughter cells. We explore here, the interplay between the nonequilibrium activity of molecular motors in determining the chromosomal organization in mitosis and its characteristic symmetry-breaking events. We present a hybrid motorized chromosome model that highlights the distinct roles of condensin I and II in shaping mitotic chromosomes. Guided by experimental observations, the simulations suggest that condensin II facilitates large-scale scaffold formation, while condensin I is paramount in local helical loop arrangement. Together, these two distinct grappling motors establish the hierarchical helical structure characteristic of mitotic chromosomes, which exhibit striking local and, sometimes global, chirality and contribute to the robust mechanical properties of mitotic chromosomes. Accompanying the emergence of rigidity, the model provides mechanisms of forming defects, including perversions and entanglements, and shows how these may be partially resolved through condensin activity and topoisomerase action. This framework bridges coarse-grained energy landscape models of chromosome dynamics and non-equilibrium molecular dynamics, advancing the understanding of chromosome organization during cell division and beyond.
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