宇宙黎明时期的行星形成：大质量恒星周围富水原行星盘中的星子
Planet Formation at Cosmic Dawn: Planetesimals in H$_2$O-Rich Disks Around Low-Mass Stars
AI总结：
该研究发现宇宙黎明时期可在低质量恒星周围的PI超新星残骸中形成星子，其原行星盘富水，为宇宙首批行星的水富集提供了可能，时间远早于此前认知。
摘要：
原初星（即第三星族，Pop III）超新星（SNe）是宇宙中首批重要的核合成引擎，锻造出后续行星与生命形成所需的重元素。过往研究表明，行星形成的兴起是渐进式的，直到宇宙金属丰度超过临界值后，才在约为宇宙当前年龄一半时达到峰值。然而，Pop III对不稳定性（PI）超新星可抛射出超过100倍太阳质量（M⊙）的金属，在宇宙黎明时期（宇宙大爆炸后仅1亿年），能将局部气体的金属丰度富集至高达1倍太阳金属丰度（Z⊙）。本文表明，行星的前身——星子，可在首批星系形成前，于这类爆炸的残骸中，围绕长寿命的低质量恒星形成，时间远早于此前的认知。我们对来自PI超新星遗迹、金斯质量仅为1-2倍太阳质量的致密核坍缩过程进行建模，发现形成的原行星盘在其水雪线以内、距离母恒星0.5-1.0天文单位（AU）处，存在数倍地球质量的星子；该盘的水（H₂O）质量分数仅比现今太阳系低几倍，这为宇宙首批行星像太阳系的地球一样被水富集提供了可能性。
英文摘要：
Primordial, or Pop III, supernovae (SNe) were the first, great nucleosynthetic engines in the Universe, forging the heavy elements required for the later formation of planets, and life. Past studies suggest that the rise of planet formation was gradual, and did not peak until about half of the present age of the Universe after cosmic mean metallicities exceeded a critical value. However, Pop III pair-instability (PI) SNe, which can eject over 100 M$_{\odot}$ of metals, locally enriched gas to metallicities of up to 1 Z$_{\odot}$ at Cosmic Dawn, just 100 Myr after the Big Bang. Here we show that planetesimals, the precursors of terrestrial planets, can form around low-mass, long-lived stars in the debris of such explosions, before the first galaxies and far earlier than previously thought. We modeled the collapse of a dense core with a Jeans mass of just 1 - 2 M$_{\odot}$ from a PI SN remnant and found that a protoplanetary disk formed with several Earth masses of planetesimals 0.5 - 1.0 AU from their parent star, within its water snow line. The disk has H$_2$O mass fractions that are only a factor of a few less than in the Solar System today, raising the possibility of enrichment of the first planets in the Universe with water in direct analogy to Earth in the Solar system.
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