量子涡旋在正常流体中留下宏观特征
Quantum vortices leave a macroscopic signature in the normal fluid
AI总结：
该研究通过数值模拟揭示超流氦II中量子涡旋线在正常流体中产生宏观尾流，证明正常流体流动可描述为均匀流与尾流叠加，导致非经典速度统计，并可能解释近期实验发现。
摘要：
最近的研究突出了超流氦II中量子湍流的显著特性，它由无序的量子化涡旋线缠结组成，这些涡旋线相互作用并在碰撞时重连。根据Landau二流体理论，这些涡旋线在被称为正常流体的热激发环境中运动。直到现在，正常流体通常被视为被动的背景，仅为涡旋线提供将其动能耗散为热的机制。使用一个充分考虑涡旋线与正常流体之间双向相互作用的模型，我们在数值上展示了每条涡旋线在正常流体中产生一个宏观尾流，该尾流可以大于涡旋线之间的平均距离；考虑到诱发这些尾流的超流涡核的微观尺寸，这是令人惊讶的。我们表明，在热传递实验中，正常流体的流动因此可以被描述为外加均匀流动与涡旋线产生的尾流的叠加，导致正常流体速度的非经典统计。我们还认为，Landau假设的热激发中独立流体结构的这一首个证据，可能是近期未解释的实验发现的根源。
英文摘要：
Recent work has highlighted the remarkable properties of quantum turbulence in superfluid helium II, consisting of a disordered tangle of quantised vortex lines which interact with each other and reconnect when they collide. According to Landau's two-fluid theory, these vortex lines move in a surrounding of thermal excitations called the normal fluid. Until now, the normal fluid has often been considered a passive background which simply provides the vortex lines with a mechanism for dissipating their kinetic energy into heat. Using a model which fully takes into account the two-way interaction between the vortex lines and the normal fluid, here we show numerically that each vortex line creates a macroscopic wake in the normal fluid that can be larger than the average distance between vortex lines; this is surprising, given the microscopic size of the superfluid vortex cores which induce these wakes. We show that in heat transfer experiments, the flow of the normal fluid can therefore be described as the superposition of an imposed uniform flow and wakes generated by the vortex lines, leading to non-classical statistics of the normal fluid velocity. We also argue that this first evidence of independent fluid structures in the thermal excitations postulated by Landau may be at the root of recent, unaccounted for, experimental findings.
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