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arXiv 2501.05262cs.NIcs.DB
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QMDB:快速 Merkle 数据库

QMDB: Quick Merkle Database

Isaac Zhang, Ryan Zarick, Daniel Wong, Thomas Kim, Bryan Pellegrino, Mignon Li, Kelvin Wong

AI总结:

QMDB将键值和Merkle树存储统一,以仅追加设计实现单次SSD读取和O(1)更新,支持每秒百万级TPS,为区块链状态管理提供了可扩展且可验证的解决方案。

摘要:

Quick Merkle Database (QMDB) 通过将键值 (KV) 和 Merkle 树存储集成到单一统一架构中,解决了区块链状态管理中长期存在的瓶颈。QMDB 相比现有架构实现了显著的吞吐量提升,相比广泛使用的 RocksDB 提升高达 6 倍,相比领先的可验证数据库 NOMT 提升高达 8 倍。其新颖的仅追加的基于小分支的设计实现了每次状态访问仅需一次 SSD 读取,更新的 O(1) IO,以及在每个条目仅 2.3 字节的内存占用上进行内存 Merkle 化,使其甚至能够在普通的消费级 PC 上运行。QMDB 在商用和企业级硬件上均可无缝扩展,实现了每秒高达 228 万次状态更新。这一性能使其能够支持每秒 100 万次代币转账 (TPS),标志着 QMDB 成为首个实现此类里程碑的解决方案。QMDB 已在超过 150 亿个条目(以太坊 2024 年状态的 10 倍)的工作负载下进行了基准测试,并证明了在单台服务器上扩展至 2800 亿个条目的能力。此外,QMDB 引入了历史证明,解锁了在最新区块查询其区块链历史状态的能力。QMDB 不仅满足了当前区块链的需求,还为在各种用例中构建可扩展、高效且可验证的去中心化应用提供了坚实的基础。

英文摘要:

Quick Merkle Database (QMDB) addresses longstanding bottlenecks in blockchain state management by integrating key-value (KV) and Merkle tree storage into a single unified architecture. QMDB delivers a significant throughput improvement over existing architectures, achieving up to 6X over the widely used RocksDB and 8X over NOMT, a leading verifiable database. Its novel append-only twig-based design enables one SSD read per state access, O(1) IOs for updates, and in-memory Merkleization on a memory footprint as small as 2.3 bytes per entry, enabling it to run on even modest consumer-grade PCs. QMDB scales seamlessly across both commodity and enterprise hardware, achieving up to 2.28 million state updates per second. This performance enables support for 1 million token transfers per second (TPS), marking QMDB as the first solution achieving such a milestone. QMDB has been benchmarked with workloads exceeding 15 billion entries (10X Ethereum's 2024 state) and has proven the capacity to scale to 280 billion entries on a single server. Furthermore, QMDB introduces historical proofs, unlocking the ability to query its blockchain's historical state at the latest block. QMDB not only meets the demands of current blockchains but also provides a robust foundation for building scalable, efficient, and verifiable decentralized applications across diverse use cases.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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