地形上的地球物理流：实验室实验的乐园
Geophysical flows over topography, a playground for laboratory experiments
AI总结：
本文综述带地形地球物理流的实验研究，涵盖大尺度椭球地形下轨道强迫响应、小尺度地形对整体流与边界层的作用，以及对流与粗糙地形的相互作用。
摘要：
物理学家在对地球物理流（例如地球海洋和大气，或液态行星核心中观测到的流动）中的多尺度现象进行建模时面临重大挑战。具体而言，复杂性之所以产生，不仅是因为地球物理流体处于旋转状态并受到密度变化的影响，还因为流体边界具有复杂几何形状（例如洋底），其波长范围从数米到数千千米不等。因此，行星流体层的动力学模型往往受到观测的约束，而解释这些观测需要全面理解其背后的物理机制。为此，地球物理研究通常将覆盖广泛参数范围的前沿实验与理论及数值模拟相结合，以推导适用于行星环境的预测性标度律。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了那些增进我们对带地形地球物理流理解的实验工作。更具体地说，我们关注：（i）在存在大尺度（椭球形）地形时，流动对机械（轨道）强迫的响应；（ii）小尺度地形对整体流动和边界层动力学的若干影响；以及（iii）对流与粗糙度之间的相互作用。文中对每种情形都简要介绍了其地球物理背景，并提出了若干实验展望。
英文摘要：
Physicists face major challenges in modelling multi-scale phenomena that are observed in geophysical flows (e.g. in the Earth's oceans and atmosphere, or liquid planetary cores). In particular, complexities arise because geophysical fluids are rotating and subject to density variations, but also because the fluid boundaries have complex geometries (e.g. the ocean floor) with wavelengths ranging from metres to thousands of kilometres. Dynamical models of planetary fluid layers are thus often constrained by observations, whose interpretation necessitates a comprehensive understanding of the underlying physics. To this end, geophysical studies often combine cutting-edge experiments across a wide range of parameters, together with theory and numerical simulations, to derive predictive scaling laws applicable for planetary settings. In this review, we discuss experimental efforts that have contributed to our understanding of geophysical flows with topography. More specifically, we focus on (i) the flow response to mechanical (orbital) forcings in the presence of a large-scale (ellipsoidal) topography, (ii) some effects of small-scale topography onto bulk flows and boundary-layer dynamics, and (iii) the interaction between convection and roughness. The geophysical context is briefly introduced for each case, and some experimental perspectives are drawn.
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