AI双重标准：人类会因单个AI的行为评判所有AI
The AI Double Standard: Humans Judge All AIs for the Actions of One
AI总结：
该研究通过两项预注册实验发现AI道德评判存在双重标准：单个AI的不道德行为会引发对所有AI的道德态度溢出，而人类个体的同类行为不会泛化到全体人类，提示人机交互设计需防范此类泛化带来的信任下降等负面结果。
摘要：
机器人及其他人工智能（AI）系统被广泛视为需为自身行为负责的道德主体。随着AI的普及，这类认知可能通过道德溢出效应发生关联——即人们对某一个AI的态度会波及对其他AI的态度。我们通过两项预注册实验，测试了某一AI或人类主体看似有害且不道德的行为，如何溢出影响人们对其他AI或人类的态度。在研究1（样本量N=720）中，我们证实了人机交互中的道德溢出效应：不道德行为会提升人们对行为主体（聊天机器人或人类助理）及其所属群体（所有聊天机器人或人类助理）的负面道德主体性归因（即行为不道德的程度），同时降低正面道德主体性归因（即行为合乎道德的程度）和道德承受性归因（即值得被道德关怀的程度）。AI场景和人类场景下的溢出效应没有显著差异。在研究2（样本量N=684）中，我们测试了当主体被赋予名字进行个体化区分、且仅被描述为AI或人类（而非明确标注为聊天机器人或私人助理）时，溢出效应是否仍然存在。结果发现，溢出效应在AI场景中依然存在，但在人类场景中消失了，这可能是因为相对于人类，AI属于外群体，因此被认为更具同质性。这种不对称性揭示了一种双重标准：当某一主体出现道德越轨行为时，人们对AI的评判比对人类更严苛。随着多样、自主的AI系统不断普及，人机交互（HCI）的研究与设计应当考虑到：与单个AI的交互体验很容易泛化为对所有AI的认知，并引发负面的人机交互结果，比如信任度下降。
英文摘要：
Robots and other artificial intelligence (AI) systems are widely perceived as moral agents responsible for their actions. As AI proliferates, these perceptions may become entangled via the moral spillover of attitudes towards one AI to attitudes towards other AIs. We tested how the seemingly harmful and immoral actions of an AI or human agent spill over to attitudes towards other AIs or humans in two preregistered experiments. In Study 1 (N = 720), we established the moral spillover effect in human-AI interaction by showing that immoral actions increased attributions of negative moral agency (i.e., acting immorally) and decreased attributions of positive moral agency (i.e., acting morally) and moral patiency (i.e., deserving moral concern) to both the agent (a chatbot or human assistant) and the group to which they belong (all chatbot or human assistants). There was no significant difference in the spillover effects between the AI and human contexts. In Study 2 (N = 684), we tested whether spillover persisted when the agent was individuated with a name and described as an AI or human, rather than specifically as a chatbot or personal assistant. We found that spillover persisted in the AI context but not in the human context, possibly because AIs were perceived as more homogeneous due to their outgroup status relative to humans. This asymmetry suggests a double standard whereby AIs are judged more harshly than humans when one agent morally transgresses. With the proliferation of diverse, autonomous AI systems, HCI research and design should account for the fact that experiences with one AI could easily generalize to perceptions of all AIs and negative HCI outcomes, such as reduced trust.
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