来自通用原初分布的重元素丰度
Heavy element abundances from a universal primordial distribution
AI总结：
本研究提出重元素形成的冻出方法，找到存在特定参数的通用原初平衡态，重元素太阳丰度结构由其衰变冻出形成，并探讨了相关天体物理场景及研究意义。
摘要：
我们提出了一种用于膨胀核物质中重元素形成的冻出方法。运用重离子碰撞或三分裂描述中所采用的概念，我们在考虑介质效应（如泡利阻塞和描述核物质高密度下原子核溶解现象的莫特效应）的情况下确定了重元素的丰度。借助该方法，我们在一种平衡态中寻找通用原初分布，重元素太阳丰度的整体结构正是通过激发态的放射性衰变从该分布中冻出的。这种通用原初态由温度、中子化学势和质子化学势的拉格朗日参数表征。我们证明了该状态的存在，并测定其温度为5.266 MeV，中子化学势为940.317 MeV，质子化学势为845.069 MeV，对应的重子数密度为0.013 fm⁻³，质子丰度为0.13。重丰中子核（如假设存在的双幻核³⁵⁸Sn）出现在原初分布中，并在裂变后对观测到的丰度有贡献。我们讨论了实现这种重元素核合成通用原初分布的天体物理场景，包括超新星爆发、中子星并合以及非均匀大爆炸。鉴于詹姆斯·韦布空间望远镜观测到的早期大质量天体，后一种场景可能具有研究价值，并为解释观测到的r过程模式的普遍性以及第三星族星观测缺失的问题开辟了新视角。
英文摘要：
We present a freeze-out approach to the formation of heavy elements in expanding nuclear matter. Applying concepts used in the description of heavy-ion collisions or ternary fission, we determine the abundances of heavy elements taking into account in-medium effects such as Pauli blocking and the Mott effect, which describes the dissolution of nuclei at high densities of nuclear matter. With this approach, we search for a universal primordial distribution in an equilibrium state from which the gross structure of the solar abundances of heavy elements freezes out via radioactive decay of the excited states. The universal primordial state is characterized by the Lagrangian parameters of temperature and chemical potentials of neutrons and protons. We show that such a state exists and determine a temperature of 5.266 MeV, a neutron chemical potential of 940.317 MeV and a proton chemical potential of 845.069 MeV, at a baryon number density of 0.013 fm$^{-3}$ and a proton fraction of 0.13. Heavy neutron-rich nuclei such as the hypothesized double-magic nucleus $^{358}$Sn appear in the primordial distribution and contribute to the observed abundances after fission. We discuss astrophysical scenarios for the realization of this universal primordial distribution for heavy element nucleosynthesis, including supernova explosions, neutron star mergers and the inhomogeneous Big Bang. The latter scenario may be of interest in the light of early massive objects observed with the James Webb Space Telescope and opens new perspectives to explain universality of the observed r-process patterns and the lack of observations of population III stars.
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