红蓝语言：2024年特朗普与哈里斯总统辩论中的用词选择
Red and blue language: Word choices in the Trump & Harris 2024 presidential debate
AI总结：
本文通过分析2024年特朗普与哈里斯总统辩论中的语义和语用特征，揭示两人在框架、情感、代词使用等方面的语言差异，并联系红蓝政治语言模式进行讨论。
摘要：
政治辩论是一种特殊的政治话语类型，候选人在其中直接相互交锋，不仅回应主持人的提问，还回应对手的陈述，以及两党选民和未决选民的关切。因此，语言会根据特定期望进行调整，以实现说服目的。我们分析了特朗普和哈里斯在辩论（2024年9月10日）中的语言在以下语义和语用特征上的差异，并为此提出了有针对性的假设：框架价值观与意识形态、诉诸情感、使用不同具体性和特异性程度的词语、通过单数或复数代词称呼他人。我们的发现包括：比喻框架使用上的差异（哈里斯常围绕复苏与赋权来框架问题，特朗普则常聚焦于危机与衰落）；情感语言使用相似，但与哈里斯相比，特朗普表现出略高的负面倾向和较低的主观性语言倾向；候选人回答的特异性没有显著差异；抽象语言使用相似，但特朗普比哈里斯表现出更大的变异性，取决于所讨论的主题；称呼对手的方式存在差异，特朗普没有提到哈里斯的名字，而哈里斯频繁提及特朗普；代词使用不同，哈里斯同等使用单数和复数代词，而特朗普使用更多单数代词。我们结合以往关于红蓝语言的文献对结果进行了讨论，红蓝语言指的是与保守派（红色）和自由派（蓝色）政治意识形态相关的不同语言模式。
英文摘要：
Political debates are a peculiar type of political discourse, in which candidates directly confront one another, addressing not only the the moderator's questions, but also their opponent's statements, as well as the concerns of voters from both parties and undecided voters. Therefore, language is adjusted to meet specific expectations and achieve persuasion. We analyse how the language of Trump and Harris during the debate (September 10th 2024) differs in relation to the following semantic and pragmatic features, for which we formulated targeted hypotheses: framing values and ideology, appealing to emotion, using words with different degrees of concreteness and specificity, addressing others through singular or plural pronouns. Our findings include: differences in the use of figurative frames (Harris often framing issues around recovery and empowerment, Trump often focused on crisis and decline); similar use of emotional language, with Trump showing a slight higher tendency toward negativity and toward less subjective language compared to Harris; no significant difference in the specificity of candidates' responses; similar use of abstract language, with Trump showing more variability than Harris, depending on the subject discussed; differences in addressing the opponent, with Trump not mentioning Harris by name, while Harris referring to Trump frequently; different uses of pronouns, with Harris using both singular and plural pronouns equally, while Trump using more singular pronouns. The results are discussed in relation to previous literature on Red and Blue language, which refers to distinct linguistic patterns associated with conservative (Red) and liberal (Blue) political ideologies.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
