基于视频的大语言模型（VideoLLMs）的最新发展，通过将视频特征（部分情况下还包括音频特征）与大语言模型（LLMs）对齐，显著推动了视频摘要技术的进步。每类VideoLLM都有其独特的优势与不足。近期许多方法需要进行大量微调来克服这些模型的局限性，这一过程会消耗大量计算资源。在本研究中，我们观察到一种VideoLLM的优势可以弥补另一种VideoLLM的不足。基于这一洞见，我们受专家混合（Mixture of Experts, MoE）范式启发，提出了一种全新的视频摘要框架，该框架是一种推理时算法，无需进行任何形式的微调。我们的方法整合多个VideoLLM以生成全面且连贯的文本摘要。它能有效结合视觉与音频内容，提供详细的背景描述，并且在关键帧识别方面表现出色，与仅依赖视觉信息的传统计算机视觉方法相比，能够实现语义更丰富的检索，且全程无需额外微调。此外，生成的摘要还能提升下游任务的性能，例如通过关键帧选择或结合文本到图像模型实现摘要视频生成。我们这种语言驱动的方法为传统方法提供了一种语义更丰富的替代方案，并且能够灵活纳入更新的VideoLLM，增强了视频摘要任务的适应性与性能。
英文摘要：
The recent development of Video-based Large Language Models (VideoLLMs), has significantly advanced video summarization by aligning video features and, in some cases, audio features with Large Language Models (LLMs). Each of these VideoLLMs possesses unique strengths and weaknesses. Many recent methods have required extensive fine-tuning to overcome the limitations of these models, which can be resource-intensive. In this work, we observe that the strengths of one VideoLLM can complement the weaknesses of another. Leveraging this insight, we propose a novel video summarization framework inspired by the Mixture of Experts (MoE) paradigm, which operates as an inference-time algorithm without requiring any form of fine-tuning. Our approach integrates multiple VideoLLMs to generate comprehensive and coherent textual summaries. It effectively combines visual and audio content, provides detailed background descriptions, and excels at identifying keyframes, which enables more semantically meaningful retrieval compared to traditional computer vision approaches that rely solely on visual information, all without the need for additional fine-tuning. Moreover, the resulting summaries enhance performance in downstream tasks such as summary video generation, either through keyframe selection or in combination with text-to-image models. Our language-driven approach offers a semantically rich alternative to conventional methods and provides flexibility to incorporate newer VideoLLMs, enhancing adaptability and performance in video summarization tasks.
Towards an Automated Multimodal Approach for Video Summarization: Building a Bridge Between Text, Audio and Facial Cue-Based Summarization
Center for Machine Vision and Signal Analysis, Faculty of ITEE, University of Oulu, Finland（机器视觉与信号分析中心，ITEE学院，奥卢大学，芬兰）；Center for Machine Vision（机器视觉与信号分析中心）；Signal Analysis, Faculty of ITEE, University of Oulu, Finland（信号分析，ITEE学院，奥卢大学，芬兰）
Tandon School of Engineering（坦登工程学院）；New York University（纽约大学）
Video summarization aims to simplify large scale video browsing by generating concise, short summaries that diver from but well represent the original video. Due to the scarcity of video annotations, recent progress for video summarization concentrates on unsupervised methods, among which the GAN based methods are most prevalent. This type of methods includes a summarizer and a discriminator. The summarized video from the summarizer will be assumed as the final output, only if the video reconstructed from this summary cannot be discriminated from the original one by the discriminator. The prim…
National University of Singapore（新加坡国立大学）；Hangzhou Dianzi University（杭州电子科技大学）
In this paper, we present a novel unsupervised video summarization model that requires no manual annotation. The proposed model termed Cycle-SUM adopts a new cycle-consistent adversarial LSTM architecture that can effectively maximize the information preserving and compactness of the summary video. It consists of a frame selector and a cycle-consistent learning based evaluator. The selector is a bi-direction LSTM network that learns video representations that embed the long-range relationships among video frames. The evaluator defines a learnable information preserving metric between original …
UiT The Arctic University of Norway（挪威特罗姆瑟大学（北极大学））；Carnegie Mellon University（卡内基梅隆大学）
Video summarization plays an important role in video understanding by selecting key frames/shots. Traditionally, it aims to find the most representative and diverse contents in a video as short summaries. Recently, a more generalized task, query-conditioned video summarization, has been introduced, which takes user queries into consideration to learn more user-oriented summaries. In this paper, we propose a query-conditioned three-player generative adversarial network to tackle this challenge. The generator learns the joint representation of the user query and the video content, and the discri…
Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院自动化研究所）；University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学）；UiT The Arctic University of Norway（挪威北极大学）；Carnegie Mellon University（卡内基梅隆大学）；Xidian University（西安电子科技大学）
The large amount of videos popping up every day, make it more and more critical that key information within videos can be extracted and understood in a very short time. Video summarization, the task of finding the smallest subset of frames, which still conveys the whole story of a given video, is thus of great significance to improve efficiency of video understanding. We propose a novel Dilated Temporal Relational Generative Adversarial Network (DTR-GAN) to achieve frame-level video summarization. Given a video, it selects the set of key frames, which contain the most meaningful and compact in…
The huge amount of video data produced daily by camera-based systems, such as surveilance, medical and telecommunication systems, emerges the need for effective video summarization (VS) methods. These methods should be capable of creating an overview of the video content. In this paper, we propose a novel VS method based on a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) model pre-trained with human eye fixations. The main contribution of the proposed method is that it can provide perceptually compatible video summaries by combining both perceived color and spatiotemporal visual attention cues in a uns…
With the explosive growth of video data, video summarization, which attempts to seek the minimum subset of frames while still conveying the main story, has become one of the hottest topics. Nowadays, substantial achievements have been made by supervised learning techniques, especially after the emergence of deep learning. However, it is extremely expensive and difficult to collect human annotation for large-scale video datasets. To address this problem, we propose a convolutional attentive adversarial network (CAAN), whose key idea is to build a deep summarizer in an unsupervised way. Upon the…
The University of Melbourne（墨尔本大学）；Monash University（莫纳什大学）
Modern video summarization methods are based on deep neural networks that require a large amount of annotated data for training. However, existing datasets for video summarization are small-scale, easily leading to over-fitting of the deep models. Considering that the annotation of large-scale datasets is time-consuming, we propose a multimodal self-supervised learning framework to obtain semantic representations of videos, which benefits the video summarization task. Specifically, the self-supervised learning is conducted by exploring the semantic consistency between the videos and text in bo…
When video collections become huge, how to explore both within and across videos efficiently is challenging. Video summarization is one of the ways to tackle this issue. Traditional summarization approaches limit the effectiveness of video exploration because they only generate one fixed video summary for a given input video independent of the information need of the user. In this work, we introduce a method which takes a text-based query as input and generates a video summary corresponding to it. We do so by modeling video summarization as a supervised learning problem and propose an end-to-e…
This paper addresses the problem of video summarization. Given an input video, the goal is to select a subset of the frames to create a summary video that optimally captures the important information of the input video. With the large amount of videos available online, video summarization provides a useful tool that assists video search, retrieval, browsing, etc. In this paper, we formulate video summarization as a sequence labeling problem. Unlike existing approaches that use recurrent models, we propose fully convolutional sequence models to solve video summarization. We firstly establish a …
International Doctoral Innovation Center（国际博士创新中心）；The University of Nottingham Ningbo China（宁波诺丁汉大学）；Shenzhen University（深圳大学）；The University of Nottingham（诺丁汉大学）
Video summarization has been extensively studied in the past decades. However, user-generated video summarization is much less explored since there lack large-scale video datasets within which human-generated video summaries are unambiguously defined and annotated. Toward this end, we propose a user-generated video summarization dataset - UGSum52 - that consists of 52 videos (207 minutes). In constructing the dataset, because of the subjectivity of user-generated video summarization, we manually annotate 25 summaries for each video, which are in total 1300 summaries. To the best of our knowled…
Indian Institute Of Information Technology Allahabad（阿拉哈巴德印度信息技术学院）
This paper proposes an automatic subtitle generation and semantic video summarization technique. The importance of automatic video summarization is vast in the present era of big data. Video summarization helps in efficient storage and also quick surfing of large collection of videos without losing the important ones. The summarization of the videos is done with the help of subtitles which is obtained using several text summarization algorithms. The proposed technique generates the subtitle for videos with/without subtitles using speech recognition and then applies NLP based Text summarization…
University of Melbourne（墨尔本大学）；Monash University（莫纳什大学）；Tsinghua University（清华大学）
Video summarization aims to automatically generate a summary (storyboard or video skim) of a video, which can facilitate large-scale video retrieval and browsing. Most of the existing methods perform video summarization on individual videos, which neglects the correlations among similar videos. Such correlations, however, are also informative for video understanding and video summarization. To address this limitation, we propose Video Joint Modelling based on Hierarchical Transformer (VJMHT) for co-summarization, which takes into consideration the semantic dependencies across videos. Specifica…
Center for Research in Computer Vision at UCF（中佛罗里达大学计算机视觉研究中心）
Video data is explosively growing. As a result of the "big video data", intelligent algorithms for automatic video summarization have re-emerged as a pressing need. We develop a probabilistic model, Sequential and Hierarchical Determinantal Point Process (SH-DPP), for query-focused extractive video summarization. Given a user query and a long video sequence, our algorithm returns a summary by selecting key shots from the video. The decision to include a shot in the summary depends on the shot's relevance to the user query and importance in the context of the video, jointly. We verify our appro…
Northwestern Polytechnical University（西北工业大学）；Henan University of Science and Technology（河南科技大学）
Existing video summarization approaches mainly concentrate on sequential or structural characteristic of video data. However, they do not pay enough attention to the video summarization task itself. In this paper, we propose a meta learning method for performing task-driven video summarization, denoted by MetaL-TDVS, to explicitly explore the video summarization mechanism among summarizing processes on different videos. Particularly, MetaL-TDVS aims to excavate the latent mechanism for summarizing video by reformulating video summarization as a meta learning problem and promote generalization …
Nara Institute of Science and Technology（奈良先端科学技术大学院大学）；University of Oulu（奥卢大学）
This paper presents a video summarization technique for an Internet video to provide a quick way to overview its content. This is a challenging problem because finding important or informative parts of the original video requires to understand its content. Furthermore the content of Internet videos is very diverse, ranging from home videos to documentaries, which makes video summarization much more tough as prior knowledge is almost not available. To tackle this problem, we propose to use deep video features that can encode various levels of content semantics, including objects, actions, and s…
Intelligent video summarization algorithms allow to quickly convey the most relevant information in videos through the identification of the most essential and explanatory content while removing redundant video frames. In this paper, we introduce the 3DST-UNet-RL framework for video summarization. A 3D spatio-temporal U-Net is used to efficiently encode spatio-temporal information of the input videos for downstream reinforcement learning (RL). An RL agent learns from spatio-temporal latent scores and predicts actions for keeping or rejecting a video frame in a video summary. We investigate if …
University of Amsterdam（阿姆斯特丹大学）；BBC Research and Development（BBC研发部）
Traditional video summarization methods generate fixed video representations regardless of user interest. Therefore such methods limit users' expectations in content search and exploration scenarios. Multi-modal video summarization is one of the methods utilized to address this problem. When multi-modal video summarization is used to help video exploration, a text-based query is considered as one of the main drivers of video summary generation, as it is user-defined. Thus, encoding the text-based query and the video effectively are both important for the task of multi-modal video summarization…
Northwestern Polytechnical University（西北工业大学）；Xi’an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院西安光学精密机械研究所）
Exploiting the temporal dependency among video frames or subshots is very important for the task of video summarization. Practically, RNN is good at temporal dependency modeling, and has achieved overwhelming performance in many video-based tasks, such as video captioning and classification. However, RNN is not capable enough to handle the video summarization task, since traditional RNNs, including LSTM, can only deal with short videos, while the videos in the summarization task are usually in longer duration. To address this problem, we propose a hierarchical recurrent neural network for vide…
Xinhua Zhiyun Technology Co., Ltd.（新华智云科技有限公司）；Columbia University in the City of New York（纽约哥伦比亚大学）
Video summarization aims to extract keyframes/shots from a long video. Previous methods mainly take diversity and representativeness of generated summaries as prior knowledge in algorithm design. In this paper, we formulate video summarization as a content-based recommender problem, which should distill the most useful content from a long video for users who suffer from information overload. A scalable deep neural network is proposed on predicting if one video segment is a useful segment for users by explicitly modelling both segment and video. Moreover, we accomplish scene and action recognit…
Tianjin University（天津大学）；Xi’an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics（西安光学精密机械研究所）
This paper addresses the problem of supervised video summarization by formulating it as a sequence-to-sequence learning problem, where the input is a sequence of original video frames, the output is a keyshot sequence. Our key idea is to learn a deep summarization network with attention mechanism to mimic the way of selecting the keyshots of human. To this end, we propose a novel video summarization framework named Attentive encoder-decoder networks for Video Summarization (AVS), in which the encoder uses a Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) to encode the contextual information amon…
The goal of video summarization is to select keyframes that are visually diverse and can represent a whole story of an input video. State-of-the-art approaches for video summarization have mostly regarded the task as a frame-wise keyframe selection problem by aggregating all frames with equal weight. However, to find informative parts of the video, it is necessary to consider how all the frames of the video are related to each other. To this end, we cast video summarization as a graph modeling problem. We propose recursive graph modeling networks for video summarization, termed SumGraph, to re…
Most video summarization approaches have focused on extracting a summary from a single video; we propose an unsupervised framework for summarizing a collection of videos. We observe that each video in the collection may contain some information that other videos do not have, and thus exploring the underlying complementarity could be beneficial in creating a diverse informative summary. We develop a novel diversity-aware sparse optimization method for multi-video summarization by exploring the complementarity within the videos. Our approach extracts a multi-video summary which is both interesti…
CyberAgent, Inc.（赛博艾坚特公司）；Microsoft Research（微软研究院）；University of Manitoba（曼尼托巴大学）
With the broad growth of video capturing devices and applications on the web, it is more demanding to provide desired video content for users efficiently. Video summarization facilitates quickly grasping video content by creating a compact summary of videos. Much effort has been devoted to automatic video summarization, and various problem settings and approaches have been proposed. Our goal is to provide an overview of this field. This survey covers early studies as well as recent approaches which take advantage of deep learning techniques. We describe video summarization approaches and their…
National Taiwan University（台湾大学）；Carnegie Mellon University（卡内基梅隆大学）
Video summarization is among challenging tasks in computer vision, which aims at identifying highlight frames or shots over a lengthy video input. In this paper, we propose an novel attention-based framework for video summarization with complex video data. Unlike previous works which only apply attention mechanism on the correspondence between frames, our multi-concept video self-attention (MC-VSA) model is presented to identify informative regions across temporal and concept video features, which jointly exploit context diversity over time and space for summarization purposes. Together with c…
Although the problem of automatic video summarization has recently received a lot of attention, the problem of creating a video summary that also highlights elements relevant to a search query has been less studied. We address this problem by posing query-relevant summarization as a video frame subset selection problem, which lets us optimise for summaries which are simultaneously diverse, representative of the entire video, and relevant to a text query. We quantify relevance by measuring the distance between frames and queries in a common textual-visual semantic embedding space induced by a n…
University of Central Florida（中佛罗里达大学）；University of Alabama at Birmingham（阿拉巴马大学伯明翰分校）
Recent years have witnessed a resurgence of interest in video summarization. However, one of the main obstacles to the research on video summarization is the user subjectivity - users have various preferences over the summaries. The subjectiveness causes at least two problems. First, no single video summarizer fits all users unless it interacts with and adapts to the individual users. Second, it is very challenging to evaluate the performance of a video summarizer. To tackle the first problem, we explore the recently proposed query-focused video summarization which introduces user preferences …
A comparative study of various techniques which can be used for summarization of Videos i.e. Video to Video conversion is presented along with respective architecture, results, strengths and shortcomings. In all approaches, a lengthy video is converted into a shorter video which aims to capture all important events that are present in the original video. The definition of 'important event' may vary according to the context, such as a sports video and a documentary may have different events which are classified as important.
Given the explosive growth of online videos, it is becoming increasingly important to relieve the tedious work of browsing and managing the video content of interest. Video summarization aims at providing such a technique by transforming one or multiple videos into a compact one. However, conventional multi-video summarization methods often fail to produce satisfying results as they ignore the user's search intent. To this end, this paper proposes a novel query-aware approach by formulating the multi-video summarization in a sparse coding framework, where the web images searched by the query a…
University of Southern California（南加州大学）；University of California（加利福尼亚大学）；University of Texas at Austin（德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校）
Video summarization has unprecedented importance to help us digest, browse, and search today's ever-growing video collections. We propose a novel subset selection technique that leverages supervision in the form of human-created summaries to perform automatic keyframe-based video summarization. The main idea is to nonparametrically transfer summary structures from annotated videos to unseen test videos. We show how to extend our method to exploit semantic side information about the video's category/genre to guide the transfer process by those training videos semantically consistent with the te…
In this work, we develop a prompting approach for incremental summarization of task videos. We develop a sample-efficient few-shot approach for extracting semantic concepts as an intermediate step. We leverage an existing model for extracting the concepts from the images and extend it to videos and introduce a clustering and querying approach for sample efficiency, motivated by the recent advances in perceiver-based architectures. Our work provides further evidence that an approach with richer input context with relevant entities and actions from the videos and using these as prompts could enh…
University of Ontario Institute of Technology（安大略理工大学）
We present a method for creating video summaries in real-time on commodity hardware. Real-time here refers to the fact that the time required for video summarization is less than the duration of the input video. First, low-level features are use to discard undesirable frames. Next, video is divided into segments, and segment-level features are extracted for each segment. Tree-based models trained on widely available video summarization and computational aesthetics datasets are then used to rank individual segments, and top-ranked segments are selected to generate the final video summary. We ev…
IIT Bombay（印度理工学院孟买分校）；Microsoft Corporation（微软公司）；University of Massachusetts, Amherst（马萨诸塞大学阿默斯特分校）；AitoeLabs（艾托实验室）
This paper addresses automatic summarization of videos in a unified manner. In particular, we propose a framework for multi-faceted summarization for extractive, query base and entity summarization (summarization at the level of entities like objects, scenes, humans and faces in the video). We investigate several summarization models which capture notions of diversity, coverage, representation and importance, and argue the utility of these different models depending on the application. While most of the prior work on submodular summarization approaches has focused oncombining several models an…
Video is an essential imaging modality for diagnostics, e.g. in ultrasound imaging, for endoscopy, or movement assessment. However, video hasn't received a lot of attention in the medical image analysis community. In the clinical practice, it is challenging to utilise raw diagnostic video data efficiently as video data takes a long time to process, annotate or audit. In this paper we introduce a novel, fully automatic video summarization method that is tailored to the needs of medical video data. Our approach is framed as reinforcement learning problem and produces agents focusing on the prese…
Carnegie Mellon University（卡内基梅隆大学）；Charles University（查理大学）；Amazon AI（亚马逊人工智能）；University of Edinburgh（爱丁堡大学）
In this paper, we study abstractive summarization for open-domain videos. Unlike the traditional text news summarization, the goal is less to "compress" text information but rather to provide a fluent textual summary of information that has been collected and fused from different source modalities, in our case video and audio transcripts (or text). We show how a multi-source sequence-to-sequence model with hierarchical attention can integrate information from different modalities into a coherent output, compare various models trained with different modalities and present pilot experiments on t…
We address the problem of story-based temporal summarization of long 360° videos. We propose a novel memory network model named Past-Future Memory Network (PFMN), in which we first compute the scores of 81 normal field of view (NFOV) region proposals cropped from the input 360° video, and then recover a latent, collective summary using the network with two external memories that store the embeddings of previously selected subshots and future candidate subshots. Our major contributions are two-fold. First, our work is the first to address story-based temporal summarization of 360° videos. Secon…
Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman（克尔曼沙希德·巴霍纳尔大学）；University of Manitoba（曼尼托巴大学）
Despite its wide range of applications, video summarization is still held back by the scarcity of extensive datasets, largely due to the labor-intensive and costly nature of frame-level annotations. As a result, existing video summarization methods are prone to overfitting. To mitigate this challenge, we propose a novel self-supervised video representation learning method using knowledge distillation to pre-train a transformer encoder. Our method matches its semantic video representation, which is constructed with respect to frame importance scores, to a representation derived from a CNN train…
Audio and vision are two main modalities in video data. Multimodal learning, especially for audiovisual learning, has drawn considerable attention recently, which can boost the performance of various computer vision tasks. However, in video summarization, existing approaches just exploit the visual information while neglect the audio information. In this paper, we argue that the audio modality can assist vision modality to better understand the video content and structure, and further benefit the summarization process. Motivated by this, we propose to jointly exploit the audio and visual infor…
We consider the problem of video summarization. Given an input raw video, the goal is to select a small subset of key frames from the input video to create a shorter summary video that best describes the content of the original video. Most of the current state-of-the-art video summarization approaches use supervised learning and require labeled training data. Each training instance consists of a raw input video and its ground truth summary video curated by human annotators. However, it is very expensive and difficult to create such labeled training examples. To address this limitation, we prop…
IBM Almaden Research Center（IBM阿尔马登研究中心）；Arizona State University（亚利桑那州立大学）
Many applications benefit from sampling algorithms where a small number of well chosen samples are used to generalize different properties of a large dataset. In this paper, we use diverse sampling for streaming video summarization. Several emerging applications support streaming video, but existing summarization algorithms need access to the entire video which requires a lot of memory and computational power. We propose a memory efficient and computationally fast, online algorithm that uses competitive learning for diverse sampling. Our algorithm is a generalization of online K-means such tha…
A Novel Trustworthy Video Summarization Algorithm Through a Mixture of LoRA Experts
School of Information and Network Security, People’s Public Security University of China（中国人民公安大学信息与网络安全学院）；Key Laboratory of Security Prevention Technology and Risk Assessment of the Ministry of Public Security（公安部安全防范技术与风险评估重点实验室）；School of Criminal Investigation, People’s Public Security University of China（中国人民公安大学刑事侦查学院）
Video summarization attracts attention for efficient video representation, retrieval, and browsing to ease volume and traffic surge problems. Although video summarization mostly uses the visual channel for compaction, the benefits of audio-visual modeling appeared in recent literature. The information coming from the audio channel can be a result of audio-visual correlation in the video content. In this study, we propose a new audio-visual video summarization framework integrating four ways of audio-visual information fusion with GRU-based and attention-based networks. Furthermore, we investig…
