协同设计动态混合现实牙钻定位组件：在真实场景中与牙医开展的协作式研究
Co-Designing Dynamic Mixed Reality Drill Positioning Widgets: A Collaborative Approach with Dentists in a Realistic Setup
AI总结：
本研究联合牙医与MR专家协同设计4款MR牙钻定位组件，经35名牙医在仿真环境中测试，发现动态组件精度更高但更耗时间与精力，可拓展至多领域高精度场景。
摘要：
现有文献已证实，混合现实（Mixed Reality, MR）可通过叠加3D组件（widgets）支持牙科牙钻的精准空间定位。尽管如此，关于组件视觉设计与交互式用户反馈的相关知识仍然十分有限。为此，本研究联合2名资深牙医与3名MR专家，协同设计MR牙钻工具定位组件。协同设计的成果为两款静态组件（Static Widgets, SWs）：简易入点组件、目标轴组件，以及两款动态组件（Dynamic Widgets, DWs）：带目标轴的动态误差可视化组件（DWTA）与不带目标轴的动态误差可视化组件（DWEP）。我们在搭载追踪式仿真患者头模、虚拟放大镜与牙医脚踏板的真实场景支撑的虚拟现实仿真环境中，对协同设计的组件展开评估。用户研究共纳入35名背景各异、从业年限不同的牙医。研究结果呈现出显著性差异：动态组件（DWs）在位置与旋转精度上优于静态组件（SWs），在年轻牙医群体与有游戏经验的受试者中表现尤为突出。用户偏好方面，19人倾向于动态组件，16人倾向于静态组件。但研究同时发现，精度的提升与时间消耗呈正相关。体验后问卷（NASA-TLX）结果显示，与静态组件相比，动态组件会增加用户的脑力与体力负荷、努力程度及挫败感。对DWEP与DWTA的对比表明，动态组件的复杂程度会影响操作时间、体力与脑力负荷。这类动态组件可拓展应用于各类对精度有要求的医疗与工业场景。
英文摘要：
Mixed Reality (MR) is proven in the literature to support precise spatial dental drill positioning by superimposing 3D widgets. Despite this, the related knowledge about widget's visual design and interactive user feedback is still limited. Therefore, this study is contributed to by co-designed MR drill tool positioning widgets with two expert dentists and three MR experts. The results of co-design are two static widgets (SWs): a simple entry point, a target axis, and two dynamic widgets (DWs), variants of dynamic error visualization with and without a target axis (DWTA and DWEP). We evaluated the co-designed widgets in a virtual reality simulation supported by a realistic setup with a tracked phantom patient, a virtual magnifying loupe, and a dentist's foot pedal. The user study involved 35 dentists with various backgrounds and years of experience. The findings demonstrated significant results; DWs outperform SWs in positional and rotational precision, especially with younger generations and subjects with gaming experiences. The user preference remains for DWs (19) instead of SWs (16). However, findings indicated that the precision positively correlates with the time trade-off. The post-experience questionnaire (NASA-TLX) showed that DWs increase mental and physical demand, effort, and frustration more than SWs. Comparisons between DWEP and DWTA show that the DW's complexity level influences time, physical and mental demands. The DWs are extensible to diverse medical and industrial scenarios that demand precision.
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