FreeMHD：面向导电流体的开源多域多相求解器的验证与确认
FreeMHD: validation and verification of the open-source, multi-domain, multi-phase solver for electrically conductive flows
AI总结：
针对托卡马克偏滤器热管理需求及现有自由表面液态金属流动模拟的不足，研究开发了基于OpenFOAM的开源求解器FreeMHD，经解析解和实验验证确认其可可靠用于反应堆级液态金属系统设计。
摘要：
托卡马克偏滤器区域的极高热通量可能需要一种固态等离子体面对部件的替代方案，以实现热量导出并保护周围壁面。流动液态金属被提出作为替代方案，但也带来了更多有待研究和数值模拟的挑战。自由表面设计是等离子体面对部件（PFCs）的理想选择，但必须确保稳定的流动剖面和表面稳定性，以限制与等离子体的不良反应。此前的研究主要采用稳态、二维或简化模型研究内部流动，无法充分模拟自由表面液态金属（LM）实验。因此，FreeMHD 作为一款开源磁流体动力学（MHD）求解器于近期被开发，用于研究强外磁场作用下的自由表面导电流体。FreeMHD 求解器通过多区域耦合计算不可压缩自由表面流动，以研究涉及流体域和固体域的 MHD 现象。该模型基于低磁雷诺数近似，采用有限体积法 OpenFOAM 框架构建。研究通过不同哈特曼数和壁面电导比下的封闭通道流动速度剖面解析解对 FreeMHD 进行了验证，随后通过一系列涉及溃坝、三维磁场和自由表面液态金属流动的案例，利用实验测量结果对 FreeMHD 进行了确认。这些结果表明，FreeMHD 是反应堆尺度下自由表面条件液态金属系统设计的可靠工具，此外它还具备灵活性高、计算成本低的特点，可用于求解全三维瞬态 MHD 流动问题。
英文摘要：
The extreme heat fluxes in the divertor region of tokamaks may require an alternative to solid plasma-facing components, for the extraction of heat and the protection of the surrounding walls. Flowing liquid metals are proposed as an alternative, but raise additional challenges that require investigation and numerical simulations. Free surface designs are desirable for plasma-facing components (PFCs), but steady flow profiles and surface stability must be ensured to limit undesirable interactions with the plasma. Previous studies have mainly used steady-state, 2D, or simplified models for internal flows and have not been able to adequately model free-surface liquid metal (LM) experiments. Therefore, FreeMHD has been recently developed as an open-source magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) solver for free-surface electrically conductive flows subject to a strong external magnetic field. The FreeMHD solver computes incompressible free-surface flows with multi-region coupling for the investigation of MHD phenomena involving fluid and solid domains. The model utilizes the finite-volume OpenFOAM framework under the low magnetic Reynolds number approximation. FreeMHD is validated using analytical solutions for the velocity profiles of closed channel flows with various Hartmann numbers and wall conductance ratios. Next, experimental measurements are then used to verify FreeMHD, through a series of cases involving dam breaking, 3D magnetic fields, and free-surface LM flows. These results demonstrate that FreeMHD is a reliable tool for the design of LM systems under free surface conditions at the reactor scale. Furthermore, it is flexible, computationally inexpensive, and can be used to solve fully 3D transient MHD flows.
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