局部列表解码与硬核谓词的查询复杂度下界(即使在小码率与巨大列表情形下)
Query complexity lower bounds for local list-decoding and hard-core predicates (even for small rate and huge lists)
AI总结:
本文研究局部列表解码的查询复杂度下界,证明即使在大列表和小码率情形下,查询数分别需满足Ω(log(1/δ)/ε²)和Ω(1/√ε),并揭示Goldreich-Levin硬核谓词构造参数改进的黑盒限制。
摘要:
一个二进制编码 Enc$:\{0,1\}^k \to \{0,1\}^n$ 被称为 $(0.5-ε,L)$-列表可解码,如果对于所有 $w \in \{0,1\}^n$,满足 Enc$(m)$ 与 $w$ 之间的相对汉明距离至多为 $0.5 -ε$ 的所有消息 $m \in \{0,1\}^k$ 所构成的集合 List$(w)$ 的大小至多为 $L$。非正式地说,Enc 的一个 $q$-查询局部列表解码器是一个随机化过程 Dec$:[k]\times [L] \to \{0,1\}$,当给定对字符串 $w$ 的预言机访问时,它至多进行 $q$ 次预言机调用,并且对于每个消息 $m \in \text{List}(w)$,以高概率存在 $j \in [L]$,使得对于每个 $i \in [k]$,以高概率有 Dec$^w(i,j)=m_i$。我们证明了关于 $q$ 的下界,这些下界即使在 $L$ 非常大(例如 $L=2^{k^{0.9}}$)且 Enc 的码率很小(即 $n \ge 2^{k}$)的情况下也成立:1. 对于某个通用常数 $0< ν< 1$ 下的 $ε\geq 1/k^ν$,我们证明了 $q=Ω(\frac{\log(1/δ)}{ε^2})$ 的下界,其中 $δ$ 是局部列表解码器的错误概率。该下界是紧的,因为 Goldreich 和 Levin(STOC 1989)针对 Hadamard 码(其满足 $n=2^k$)给出了匹配的上界 $q=O(\frac{\log(1/δ)}{ε^2})$。该下界扩展了 Grinberg、Shaltiel 和 Viola(FOCS 2018)的早期工作,后者仅在 $n \le 2^{k^γ}$(对于某个通用常数 $0<γ<1$)且 Dec 抛掷的随机硬币数量很少时才成立(因此不适用于 Hadamard 码或其他低码率编码)。2. 对于更小的 $ε$,我们证明了大致为 $q = Ω(\frac{1}{\sqrtε})$ 的下界。据我们所知,这是局部列表解码器查询数量的第一个下界,它在小 $ε$ 情形下给出 $q \ge k$。我们还证明了在改进 Goldreich-Levin 硬核谓词构造的某些参数方面存在黑盒局限性。
英文摘要:
A binary code Enc$:\{0,1\}^k \to \{0,1\}^n$ is $(0.5-ε,L)$-list decodable if for all $w \in \{0,1\}^n$, the set List$(w)$ of all messages $m \in \{0,1\}^k$ such that the relative Hamming distance between Enc$(m)$ and $w$ is at most $0.5 -ε$, has size at most $L$. Informally, a $q$-query local list-decoder for Enc is a randomized procedure Dec$:[k]\times [L] \to \{0,1\}$ that when given oracle access to a string $w$, makes at most $q$ oracle calls, and for every message $m \in \text{List}(w)$, with high probability, there exists $j \in [L]$ such that for every $i \in [k]$, with high probability, Dec$^w(i,j)=m_i$. We prove lower bounds on $q$, that apply even if $L$ is huge (say $L=2^{k^{0.9}}$) and the rate of Enc is small (meaning that $n \ge 2^{k}$): 1. For $ε\geq 1/k^ν$ for some universal constant $0< ν< 1$, we prove a lower bound of $q=Ω(\frac{\log(1/δ)}{ε^2})$, where $δ$ is the error probability of the local list-decoder. This bound is tight as there is a matching upper bound by Goldreich and Levin (STOC 1989) of $q=O(\frac{\log(1/δ)}{ε^2})$ for the Hadamard code (which has $n=2^k$). This bound extends an earlier work of Grinberg, Shaltiel and Viola (FOCS 2018) which only works if $n \le 2^{k^γ}$ for some universal constant $0<γ<1$, and the number of coins tossed by Dec is small (and therefore does not apply to the Hadamard code, or other codes with low rate). 2. For smaller $ε$, we prove a lower bound of roughly $q = Ω(\frac{1}{\sqrtε})$. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first lower bound on the number of queries of local list-decoders that gives $q \ge k$ for small $ε$. We also prove black-box limitations for improving some of the parameters of the Goldreich-Levin hard-core predicate construction.
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