2024年5月超级风暴对地球空间的行星际成因与影响：概述
Interplanetary Causes and Impacts of the 2024 May Superstorm on the Geosphere: An Overview
AI总结：
本文综述了2024年5月超级地磁风暴的行星际成因及其对地球空间的多重影响，指出该风暴由三步主相发展构成，引发了同步轨道电子通量下降、宇宙射线减少及极端地磁感应电流等效应。
摘要：
2024年5月10-11日最近的超级风暴是太空时代第二大地磁风暴，也是唯一一次拥有同时行星际数据的风暴（1989年3月风暴没有行星际数据）。这场5月超级风暴的特征是突然脉冲（SI+）幅度为+88 nT，随后是一个总共持续约9小时的三步风暴主相发展。第一个风暴主相的峰值SYM-H强度为-183 nT，其成因是一个快速前向行星际激波（磁声马赫数Mms约7.2）和一个具有南向行星际磁场分量Bs约40 nT的行星际鞘。第二个风暴主相的SYM-H强度为-354 nT，成因是鞘Bs加深至约43 nT。一个磁声波（Mms约0.6）将鞘压缩至约71 nT的高磁场强度。约48 nT的增强Bs是第三个也是最强烈的风暴主相的成因，其SYM-H强度为-518 nT。在风暴恢复阶段发生了三次Bs场约25-40 nT的磁云事件，使恢复期延长至约2.8天。在地球同步轨道上，约76 keV至约1.5 MeV的电子在激波/鞘撞击磁层后表现出约1-3个数量级的通量下降。相对于静时值，南极Dome C（有效垂直截止刚度<0.01 GV）和芬兰Oulu（刚度约0.8 GV）的宇宙射线下降分别约为17%和约11%。强烈的电离层电流导致亚极光区出现约30-40 A的极端地磁感应电流。风暴期的特征是强烈的极区场向电流，在主相期间增强了约10倍，并向赤道方向扩展至约50度地磁（高度调整）纬度。
英文摘要：
The recent superstorm of 2024 May 10-11 is the second largest geomagnetic storm in the space age and the only one that has simultaneous interplanetary data (there were no interplanetary data for the 1989 March storm). The May superstorm was characterized by a sudden impulse (SI+) amplitude of +88 nT, followed by a three-step storm main phase development which had a total duration of ~9 hr. The cause of the first storm main phase with a peak SYM-H intensity of -183 nT was a fast forward interplanetary shock (magnetosonic Mach number Mms ~7.2) and an interplanetary sheath with southward interplanetary magnetic field component Bs of ~40 nT. The cause of the second storm main phase with a SYM-H intensity of -354 nT was a deepening of the sheath Bs to ~43 nT. A magnetosonic wave (Mms ~0.6) compressed the sheath to a high magnetic field strength of ~71 nT. Intensified Bs of ~48 nT was the cause of the third and most intense storm main phase with a SYM-H intensity of -518 nT. Three magnetic cloud events with Bs fields of ~25-40 nT occurred in the storm recovery phase, lengthening the recovery to ~2.8 days. At geosynchronous orbit, ~76 keV to ~1.5 MeV electrons exhibited ~1-3 orders of magnitude flux decreases following the shock/sheath impingement onto the magnetosphere. The cosmic ray decreases at Dome C, Antarctica (effective vertical cutoff rigidity <0.01 GV) and Oulu, Finland (rigidity ~0.8 GV) were ~17% and ~11%, respectively relative to quite time values. Strong ionospheric current flows resulted in extreme geomagnetically induced currents of ~30-40 A in the sub-auroral region. The storm period is characterized by strong polar region field-aligned currents, with ~10 times intensification during the main phase, and equatorward expansion down to ~50 deg geomagnetic (altitude-adjusted) latitude.
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