通过眼动追踪与访谈理解骑行人对无人驾驶车辆的感知
Understanding cyclists' perception of driverless vehicles through eye-tracking and interviews
AI总结：
本研究通过Wizard-of-Oz实验结合眼动追踪和访谈，发现骑行人能自发或受指示后以93%准确率检测自动驾驶车辆中驾驶员的缺失，且检测行为影响其安全感知。
摘要：
随着自动驾驶车辆（AVs）日益普及，骑行人将如何与此类车辆互动成为一个重要问题。本研究探讨了：（1）骑行人是否会自发注意到车辆是否为无人驾驶；（2）在明确指示下，他们执行驾驶员检测任务的表现如何；（3）他们如何完成这些任务。采用Wizard-of-Oz方法，37名参与者沿指定路线骑行，并在两个实验阶段中多次遇到一辆自动驾驶车辆。在第一阶段，参与者在未受指示的情况下沿路线骑行；在第二阶段，他们被要求口头报告是否检测到驾驶员的存在或缺失。此外，我们通过眼动追踪记录了参与者的注视行为，并收集了阶段后访谈的回答。访谈结果显示，30%的骑行人在第一阶段自发提到了驾驶员的缺失；在第二阶段受到指示后，他们检测驾驶员缺失和存在的准确率达到93%。眼动追踪数据表明，与第一阶段相比，参与者在第二阶段更频繁、更长时间地注视该车辆。此外，参与者表现出对车辆的间歇性采样行为：当车辆较远时，他们注视车辆前方的区域；当车辆较近时，他们注视挡风玻璃区域。阶段后访谈还表明，参与者感到好奇但觉得安全，并报告需要获取有关自动驾驶车辆行驶状态的信息。总之，骑行人能够检测到自动驾驶车辆中驾驶员的缺失，并且这种检测可能影响他们对安全的感知。未来需要在真实交通条件下进一步探索这些发现。
英文摘要：
As automated vehicles (AVs) become increasingly popular, the question arises as to how cyclists will interact with such vehicles. This study investigated (1) whether cyclists spontaneously notice if a vehicle is driverless, (2) how well they perform a driver-detection task when explicitly instructed, and (3) how they carry out these tasks. Using a Wizard-of-Oz method, 37 participants cycled a designated route and encountered an AV multiple times in two experimental sessions. In Session 1, participants cycled the route uninstructed, while in Session 2, they were instructed to verbally report whether they detected the presence or absence of a driver. Additionally, we recorded participants' gaze behaviour with eye-tracking and their responses in post-session interviews. The interviews revealed that 30% of the cyclists spontaneously mentioned the absence of a driver (Session 1), and when instructed (Session 2), they detected the absence and presence of the driver with 93% accuracy. The eye-tracking data showed that cyclists looked more frequently and for longer at the vehicle in Session 2 compared to Session 1. Additionally, participants exhibited intermittent sampling of the vehicle, and they looked at the area in front of the vehicle when it was far away and towards the windshield region when it was closer. The post-session interviews also indicated that participants were curious, but felt safe, and reported a need to receive information about the AV's driving state. In conclusion, cyclists can detect the absence of a driver in the AV, and this detection may influence their perception of safety. Further research is needed to explore these findings in real-world traffic conditions.
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