Clinical diagnosis is critical in medical practice, typically requiring a continuous and evolving process that includes primary diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and final diagnosis. However, most existing clinical diagnostic tasks are single-step processes, which does not align with the complex multi-step diagnostic procedures found in real-world clinical settings. In this paper, we propose a Chinese clinical diagnostic benchmark, called MSDiagnosis. This benchmark consists of 2,225 cases from 12 departments, covering tasks such as primary diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and final diagnosis. Additionally, we propose a novel and effective framework. This framework combines forward inference, backward inference, reflection, and refinement, enabling the large language model to self-evaluate and adjust its diagnostic results. To this end, we test open-source models, closed-source models, and our proposed framework.The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. We also provide a comprehensive experimental analysis and suggest future research directions for this task.
Beyond Uncertainty Reduction: Calibrated Planning for Interactive Diagnosis
Lanzhou University（兰州大学）；Hunan University（湖南大学）；National University of Singapore（新加坡国立大学）；City University of Hong Kong（香港城市大学）；The Ohio State University（俄亥俄州立大学）
MentalSeek-Dx: Towards Progressive Hypothetico-Deductive Reasoning for Real-world Psychiatric Diagnosis
School of Computer Science Chongqing University（重庆大学计算机学院）；MAIS Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院自动化研究所MAIS研究所）；The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University（重庆医科大学第一附属医院）
Medical Multimodal Foundation Models in Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment: Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions
School of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University（清华大学生物医学工程学院）；Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University（清华大学计算机科学与技术系）；Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University（清华大学临床医学院北京清华长庚医院肝胆胰中心）；School of Computer and Communication Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing（北京科技大学计算机与通信工程学院）；College of Electronic Information Engineering, Tongji University（同济大学电子与信息工程学院）
Knowledge-Augmented Multimodal Clinical Rationale Generation for Disease Diagnosis with Small Language Models
Hong Kong Baptist University（香港 Baptist 大学）；Shanxi University（山西大学）；Shanghai Institute for Advanced Study of Zhejiang University（浙江大学上海先进研究院）；Hong Kong University of Science and Technology（香港科技大学）；The University of Manchester（曼彻斯特大学）
Reverse Physician-AI Relationship: Full-process Clinical Diagnosis Driven by a Large Language Model
State Key Laboratory of AI Safety, Institute of Computing Technology, CAS（人工智能安全国家重点实验室，计算技术研究所，中国科学院）；University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学）；Peking University Third Hospital（北京大学第三医院）
Same Patient, Different Words, Different Diagnosis? Evaluating Semantic Stability in Clinical LLMs
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University（卡塔尔大学计算机科学与工程系）；College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU)（哈马德·本·卡伊夫大学（HBKU）理学院）；Primary Health Care Corporation (PHCC)（初级卫生保健公司）；Birmingham City University（伯明翰城市大学）
Auto-US: An Ultrasound Video Diagnosis Agent Using Video Classification Framework and LLMs
The Anhui Provincial International Joint Research Center for Advanced Technology in Medical Imaging（安徽省级国际联合先进技术医学影像研究中心）；Anhui University（安徽大学）；School of First Clinical Medicine（第一临床医学院）；Anhui University of Science and Technology（安徽理工大学）；School of Medicine（医学院）；The First Hospital（第一医院）
Integrating Chain-of-Thought and Retrieval Augmented Generation Enhances Rare Disease Diagnosis from Clinical Notes
Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia（费城儿童医院雷蒙德·G·佩雷尔曼细胞与分子治疗中心）；University of Pennsylvania（宾夕法尼亚大学）；Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania（宾夕法尼亚大学佩雷尔曼医学院）
DiagnosisArena: Benchmarking Diagnostic Reasoning for Large Language Models
Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学）；SII；SPIRAL Lab（SPIRAL实验室）；Generative AI Research Lab (GAIR)（生成式AI研究实验室）；Shanghai Chest Hospital（上海胸科医院）；Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University（北京安贞医院，首都医科大学）
SUP-MIMIC: A Multi-Task Clinical Diagnosis Benchmark for Evaluating LLMs' Robustness to Contradictory Evidence
Beijing University of Technology（北京工业大学）；Beijing Institute of Technology（北京理工大学）；China-Japan Friendship Hospital（中日友好医院）；Dongbei University of Finance and Economics（东北财经大学）
MedCoRAG: Interpretable Hepatology Diagnosis via Hybrid Evidence Retrieval and Multispecialty Consensus
School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology（南京理工大学信息科学与工程学院）；School of Artificial Intelligence, Jilin University（吉林大学人工智能学院）；Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University（吉林大学中日联谊医院神经内科）；Department of Anesthesiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University（吉林大学中日联谊医院麻醉科）；School of Computing, Macquarie University（麦考瑞大学计算机学院）
Improving Interactive Diagnostic Ability of a Large Language Model Agent Through Clinical Experience Learning
Research Center of Computational Life Science, Zhejiang Lab（浙江实验室计算生命科学研究中心）；TransTek Medical（TransTek医疗）；Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University（浙江大学医学院附属邵逸夫医院）；College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University（浙江大学计算机科学与技术学院）
MACD: Multi-Agent Clinical Diagnosis with Self-Learned Knowledge for LLM
University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学）；Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, USTC（中国科学技术大学苏州高等研究院）；The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC（中国科学技术大学附属第一医院）
Clinical Semantic Intelligence (CSI): Emulating the Cognitive Framework of the Expert Clinician for Comprehensive Oral Disease Diagnosis
Gilan University of Medical Sciences（加兹万大学医学科学学院）；University of Göttingen（哥廷根大学）；University of Tehran（德黑兰大学）；Hamadan University of Technology（哈马丹技术大学）；Islamic Azad University（伊斯兰 Azad 大学）
Identification of Pediatric Respiratory Diseases Using Fine-grained Diagnosis System
Zhejiang University School of Medicine（浙江大学医学院）；National Clinical Research Center for Child Health（国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心）；Deepwise AI Lab（深睿医疗人工智能实验室）；Peking University（北京大学）；The University of Hong Kong（香港大学）
AI-Powered Dermatological Diagnosis: From Interpretable Models to Clinical Implementation A Comprehensive Framework for Accessible and Trustworthy Skin Disease Detection
Department of Business Analytics/Data Science Engineering University of New Haven（商业分析/数据科学工程系 罗德岛大学）；Department of Healthcare University of New Haven（医疗健康系 罗德岛大学）
MedCollab: IBIS-Guided Multi-Agent Collaboration with Hierarchical Disease Relation Chains for Clinical Diagnosis
Princeton University（普林斯顿大学）；Springer Heidelberg（斯普林格海德堡）；ABC Institute（ABC研究所）；Rupert-Karls-University Heidelberg（海德堡鲁珀特-卡尔大学）；Hangzhou Dianzi University（杭州电子科技大学）；Zhejiang University（浙江大学）；Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Children and Adolescents’ Health and Diseases（浙江大学医学院儿童医院，国家儿童青少年健康与疾病临床研究中心）
Medical Diagnosis with Large Scale Multimodal Transformers: Leveraging Diverse Data for More Accurate Diagnosis
University Hospital Aachen（亚琛大学医院）；RWTH Aachen University（亚琛工业大学）；Ocumeda GmbH（Ocumeda 有限公司）；RWTH Aachen（亚琛工业大学）；Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin（柏林夏里特医学院）；Freie Universität Berlin（柏林自由大学）；Technical University Dresden（德累斯顿工业大学）；University of Leeds（利兹大学）；University Hospital Heidelberg（海德堡大学医院）
MedAgent-Pro: Towards Evidence-based Multi-modal Medical Diagnosis via Reasoning Agentic Workflow
National University of Singapore（新加坡国立大学）；University of Oxford（牛津大学）；Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen)（哈尔滨工业大学（深圳））；National University of Defense Technology（国防科技大学）；The Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine（浙江大学医学院附属第二医院）
Thinking Like a Clinician: A Cognitive AI Agent for Clinical Diagnosis via Panoramic Profiling and Adversarial Debate
School of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学生物医学工程学院，生命科学与医学系）；Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学苏州市先进研究机构）；Key Lab of Intelligent Information Processing of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Institute of Computing Technology, CAS（中国科学院智能信息处理重点实验室，计算技术研究所）；Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Multimodal Digital Twin Technology（江苏省多模态数字孪生技术省级重点实验室）；State Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, USTC（国家精密与智能化学重点实验室，中国科学技术大学）
Empowering Medical Multi-Agents with Clinical Consultation Flow for Dynamic Diagnosis
The School of Data Science, Fudan University（复旦大学数据科学学院）；Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University（复旦大学类脑智能科学与技术研究院）；University of Cambridge（剑桥大学）
A Novel Multi-Task Model Imitating Dermatologists for Accurate Differential Diagnosis of Skin Diseases in Clinical Images
DAMO Academy, Alibaba Group（阿里巴巴集团达摩院）；Hupan Lab（湖畔实验室）；Beijing Normal University（北京师范大学）；Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital（邵逸夫医院）；The Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine（浙江大学医学院附属第二医院）；Xiangya Hospital Central South University（中南大学湘雅医院）
