利用统计校正消除小行星光度观测偏差（DePhOCUS）
Debiasing astro-Photometric Observations with Corrections Using Statistics (DePhOCUS)
AI总结：
针对小行星光度观测的波段校正偏差，提出统计去偏方案DePhOCUS，综合考虑波段、参考星表和天文台，使残差减少36%，提升H-G星等系统及大小推断的准确性。
摘要：
光度测量能够确定小行星的绝对星等，这通常是推断其大小的唯一手段。光度观测可以在多种滤光片下进行，这些滤光片可能为特定天文台所独有。随后，这些观测结果会参照恒星目录被校准到特定波段。为了综合所有不同的测量结果进行评估，光度观测需要转换到共同波段，通常是V波段。目前，国际天文学联合会（IAU）小行星中心、喷气推进实验室（JPL）近地天体研究中心和欧洲空间局（ESA）近地天体协调中心所使用的波段校正方案，采用从小行星光度测量中得出的视星等平均校正值，因为校正值依赖于通常未知的待校正天体光谱。通过统计分析小行星的光度残差，我们开发了一种新的光度校正方案，该方案不仅考虑波段，还考虑了参考星表和天文台。我们描述了一种针对小行星观测的新统计光度校正方案，采用去偏校正。在参考小行星群上测试该方案时，我们看到光度残差减少了36%。此外，新方案使得H-G星等系统的确定更加准确且无偏，进而使推断的大小更加可靠。我们讨论了这种“DePhOCUS”去偏系统带来的显著校正变化、其局限性，以及对所有小行星（尤其是近地天体）光度与物理特性的影响。
英文摘要：
Photometric measurements allow the determination of an asteroid's absolute magnitude, which often represents the sole means to infer its size. Photometric observations can be obtained in a variety of filters that can be unique to a specific observatory. Those observations are then calibrated into specific bands with respect to reference star catalogs. In order to combine all the different measurements for evaluation, photometric observations need to be converted to a common band, typically V-band. Current band-correction schemes in use by IAU's Minor Planet Center, JPL's Center for Near Earth Object Studies and ESA's NEO Coordination Centre use average correction values for the apparent magnitude derived from photometry of asteroids as the corrections are dependent on the typically unknown spectrum of the object to be corrected. By statistically analyzing the photometric residuals of asteroids, we develop a new photometric correction scheme that does not only consider the band, but also accounts for reference catalog and observatory. We describe a new statistical photometry correction scheme for asteroid observations with debiased corrections. Testing this scheme on a reference group of asteroids, we see a 36% reduction in the photometric residuals. Moreover, the new scheme leads to a more accurate and debiased determination of the H-G magnitude system and, in turn, to more reliable inferred sizes. We discuss the significant shift in the corrections with this "DePhOCUS" debiasing system, its limitations, and the impact for photometric and physical properties of all asteroids, especially Near-Earth Objects.
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