支持图像引导VHEE FLASH放射治疗的紧凑型分布式电荷X波段加速器系统的设计、建造与测试
Design, Construction, and Test of Compact, Distributed-Charge, X-Band Accelerator Systems that Enable Image-Guided, VHEE FLASH Radiotherapy
AI总结：
本文提出并验证了一种基于X波段分布式电荷加速器结构的紧凑型系统，可同时产生用于微米级成像的激光-康普顿X射线和用于FLASH放疗的VHEE束流，并完成了100 MeV级原型机的设计、建造与测试。
摘要：
基于紧凑型分布式电荷加速器结构的激光-康普顿X射线系统的设计与优化，能够实现疾病的微米尺度成像，并同时产生能够提供FLASH相关剂量率的甚高能电子（VHEE）束流。激光-康普顿X射线散射的物理原理确保了散射X射线精确地沿入射电子的轨迹传播，从而为图像引导的VHEE FLASH放射治疗提供了一条途径。能够同时产生激光-康普顿X射线和VHEE的紧凑型架构的关键在于使用X波段射频加速器结构，这些结构已被证明能够以超过100 MeV/m的加速梯度运行。这些结构以分布式电荷模式运行，在该模式下，驱动射频脉冲的每个射频（RF）周期都被填充一个低电荷、高亮度的电子微束团，这是通过用与底层加速器系统频率同步的紫外激光脉冲串照射高亮度光电子枪来实现的。紫外脉冲串由一种获得专利的脉冲合成方法产生，该方法利用加速器的射频时钟对窄带连续波（CW）种子激光进行相位和幅度调制。通过这种方式，可以从加速器中产生高达10 μA的平均束流电流。来自紧凑型加速器的如此高的电流，使得通过激光-康普顿散射能够产生足以用于临床成像的X射线，并且是在一台具有“临床”占地面积的机器上实现的。同时，每个射频脉冲产生1000个或更多的独立微束团，使得能够在小于100 ns的宏束团中产生大于10 nC的电荷。本文还介绍了位于加利福尼亚州尔湾市的100 MeV级原型系统的设计、建造和测试。
英文摘要：
The design and optimization of laser-Compton x-ray systems based on compact distributed charge accelerator structures can enable micron-scale imaging of disease and the concomitant production of beams of Very High Energy Electrons (VHEEs) capable of producing FLASH-relevant dose rates. The physics of laser-Compton x-ray scattering ensures that the scattered x-rays follow exactly the trajectory of the incident electrons, thus providing a route to image-guided, VHEE FLASH radiotherapy. The keys to a compact architecture capable of producing both laser-Compton x-rays and VHEEs are the use of X-band RF accelerator structures which have been demonstrated to operate with over 100 MeV/m acceleration gradients. The operation of these structures in a distributed charge mode in which each radiofrequency (RF) cycle of the drive RF pulse is filled with a low-charge, high-brightness electron bunch is enabled by the illumination of a high-brightness photogun with a train of UV laser pulses synchronized to the frequency of the underlying accelerator system. The UV pulse trains are created by a patented pulse synthesis approach which utilizes the RF clock of the accelerator to phase and amplitude modulate a narrow band continuous wave (CW) seed laser. In this way it is possible to produce up to 10 $μ$A of average beam current from the accelerator. Such high current from a compact accelerator enables production of sufficient x-rays via laser-Compton scattering for clinical imaging and does so from a machine of "clinical" footprint. At the same time, the production of 1000 or greater individual micro-bunches per RF pulse enables > 10 nC of charge to be produced in a macrobunch of < 100 ns. The design, construction, and test of the 100-MeV class prototype system in Irvine, CA is also presented.
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