There is a growing line of research on verifying the correctness of language models' outputs. At the same time, LMs are being used to tackle complex queries that require reasoning. We introduce CoverBench, a challenging benchmark focused on verifying LM outputs in complex reasoning settings. Datasets that can be used for this purpose are often designed for other complex reasoning tasks (e.g., QA) targeting specific use-cases (e.g., financial tables), requiring transformations, negative sampling and selection of hard examples to collect such a benchmark. CoverBench provides a diversified evaluation for complex claim verification in a variety of domains, types of reasoning, relatively long inputs, and a variety of standardizations, such as multiple representations for tables where available, and a consistent schema. We manually vet the data for quality to ensure low levels of label noise. Finally, we report a variety of competitive baseline results to show CoverBench is challenging and has very significant headroom. The data is available at https://huggingface.co/datasets/google/coverbench .
MEVER: Multi-Modal and Explainable Claim Verification with Graph-based Evidence Retrieval
University of Sheffield（谢菲尔德大学）；University of Science and Technology Beijing（北京科技大学）；University of California San Diego（加州大学圣地亚哥分校）；The Pennsylvania State University（宾夕法尼亚州立大学）
Scientific claim verification is a unique challenge that is attracting increasing interest. The SCIVER shared task offers a benchmark scenario to test and compare claim verification approaches by participating teams and consists in three steps: relevant abstract selection, rationale selection and label prediction. In this paper, we present team QMUL-SDS's participation in the shared task. We propose an approach that performs scientific claim verification by doing binary classifications step-by-step. We trained a BioBERT-large classifier to select abstracts based on pairwise relevance assessmen…
We introduce a FEVER-like dataset COVID-Fact of $4,086$ claims concerning the COVID-19 pandemic. The dataset contains claims, evidence for the claims, and contradictory claims refuted by the evidence. Unlike previous approaches, we automatically detect true claims and their source articles and then generate counter-claims using automatic methods rather than employing human annotators. Along with our constructed resource, we formally present the task of identifying relevant evidence for the claims and verifying whether the evidence refutes or supports a given claim. In addition to scientific cl…
University of Washington（华盛顿大学）；Allen Institute for AI（艾伦人工智能研究所）
We present an overview of the SciVer shared task, presented at the 2nd Scholarly Document Processing (SDP) workshop at NAACL 2021. In this shared task, systems were provided a scientific claim and a corpus of research abstracts, and asked to identify which articles SUPPORT or REFUTE the claim as well as provide evidentiary sentences justifying those labels. 11 teams made a total of 14 submissions to the shared task leaderboard, leading to an improvement of more than +23 F1 on the primary task evaluation metric. In addition to surveying the participating systems, we provide several insights int…
Table-Text Alignment: Explaining Claim Verification Against Tables in Scientific Papers
National Institute of Informatics, Japan（日本信息机构国家研究所）；The University of Tokyo, Japan（日本东京大学）；National Taiwan University（台湾国立大学）；JFLI, CNRS, Nantes Université, France（法国CNRS-纳antes大学联合研究所）
University of Mannheim（曼海姆大学）；Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology（塔帕尔工程技术学院）；Charles University（查理大学）
Exponential growth in digital information outlets and the race to publish has made scientific misinformation more prevalent than ever. However, the task to fact-verify a given scientific claim is not straightforward even for researchers. Scientific claim verification requires in-depth knowledge and great labor from domain experts to substantiate supporting and refuting evidence from credible scientific sources. The SciFact dataset and corresponding task provide a benchmarking leaderboard to the community to develop automatic scientific claim verification systems via extracting and assimilating…
University of Sheffield（谢菲尔德大学）；Amazon Research Cambridge（亚马逊剑桥研究院）
In this paper we introduce a new publicly available dataset for verification against textual sources, FEVER: Fact Extraction and VERification. It consists of 185,445 claims generated by altering sentences extracted from Wikipedia and subsequently verified without knowledge of the sentence they were derived from. The claims are classified as Supported, Refuted or NotEnoughInfo by annotators achieving 0.6841 in Fleiss $κ$. For the first two classes, the annotators also recorded the sentence(s) forming the necessary evidence for their judgment. To characterize the challenge of the dataset present…
David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science（David R. Cheriton计算机科学学院）；University of Waterloo（滑铁卢大学）
This work describes the adaptation of a pretrained sequence-to-sequence model to the task of scientific claim verification in the biomedical domain. We propose VERT5ERINI that exploits T5 for abstract retrieval, sentence selection and label prediction, which are three critical sub-tasks of claim verification. We evaluate our pipeline on SCIFACT, a newly curated dataset that requires models to not just predict the veracity of claims but also provide relevant sentences from a corpus of scientific literature that support this decision. Empirically, our pipeline outperforms a strong baseline in ea…
NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering（新加坡国立大学综合科学与工程研究生院）；National University of Singapore（新加坡国立大学）；University of California, Santa Barbara（加州大学圣巴巴拉分校）
Neural models for automated fact verification have achieved promising results thanks to the availability of large, human-annotated datasets. However, for each new domain that requires fact verification, creating a dataset by manually writing claims and linking them to their supporting evidence is expensive. We develop QACG, a framework for training a robust fact verification model by using automatically generated claims that can be supported, refuted, or unverifiable from evidence from Wikipedia. QACG generates question-answer pairs from the evidence and then converts them into different types…
We introduce HoVer (HOppy VERification), a dataset for many-hop evidence extraction and fact verification. It challenges models to extract facts from several Wikipedia articles that are relevant to a claim and classify whether the claim is Supported or Not-Supported by the facts. In HoVer, the claims require evidence to be extracted from as many as four English Wikipedia articles and embody reasoning graphs of diverse shapes. Moreover, most of the 3/4-hop claims are written in multiple sentences, which adds to the complexity of understanding long-range dependency relations such as coreference.…
SiteGround；Amazon（亚马逊）；Qatar Computing Research Institute, HBKU（哈马德·本·哈利法大学卡塔尔计算研究所）；Qatar University（卡塔尔大学）；College of Humanities and Social Sciences, HBKU（哈马德·本·哈利法大学人文与社会科学学院）；Sofia University “St Kliment Ohridski”（索非亚大学“圣克里门特·奥赫里德斯基”）
We present an overview of the CLEF-2018 CheckThat! Lab on Automatic Identification and Verification of Political Claims, with focus on Task 1: Check-Worthiness. The task asks to predict which claims in a political debate should be prioritized for fact-checking. In particular, given a debate or a political speech, the goal was to produce a ranked list of its sentences based on their worthiness for fact checking. We offered the task in both English and Arabic, based on debates from the 2016 US Presidential Campaign, as well as on some speeches during and after the campaign. A total of 30 teams r…
University of Cambridge（剑桥大学）；Amazon（亚马逊）；King’s College London（伦敦国王学院）；Facebook（脸书）
Fact verification has attracted a lot of attention in the machine learning and natural language processing communities, as it is one of the key methods for detecting misinformation. Existing large-scale benchmarks for this task have focused mostly on textual sources, i.e. unstructured information, and thus ignored the wealth of information available in structured formats, such as tables. In this paper we introduce a novel dataset and benchmark, Fact Extraction and VERification Over Unstructured and Structured information (FEVEROUS), which consists of 87,026 verified claims. Each claim is annot…
ETH Zurich（苏黎世联邦理工学院）；University of Maryland（马里兰大学）；Google Research（谷歌研究院）；University of Zurich（苏黎世大学）
We introduce CLIMATE-FEVER, a new publicly available dataset for verification of climate change-related claims. By providing a dataset for the research community, we aim to facilitate and encourage work on improving algorithms for retrieving evidential support for climate-specific claims, addressing the underlying language understanding challenges, and ultimately help alleviate the impact of misinformation on climate change. We adapt the methodology of FEVER [1], the largest dataset of artificially designed claims, to real-life claims collected from the Internet. While during this process, we …
Southeast University（东南大学）；University of Warwick（华威大学）
Fact verification is a challenging task that requires simultaneously reasoning and aggregating over multiple retrieved pieces of evidence to evaluate the truthfulness of a claim. Existing approaches typically (i) explore the semantic interaction between the claim and evidence at different granularity levels but fail to capture their topical consistency during the reasoning process, which we believe is crucial for verification; (ii) aggregate multiple pieces of evidence equally without considering their implicit stances to the claim, thereby introducing spurious information. To alleviate the ab…
Allen Institute of AI（艾伦人工智能研究所）；Korea University（高丽大学）；University of Washington（华盛顿大学）
Despite significant interest in developing general purpose fact checking models, it is challenging to construct a large-scale fact verification dataset with realistic real-world claims. Existing claims are either authored by crowdworkers, thereby introducing subtle biases that are difficult to control for, or manually verified by professional fact checkers, causing them to be expensive and limited in scale. In this paper, we construct a large-scale challenging fact verification dataset called FAVIQ, consisting of 188k claims derived from an existing corpus of ambiguous information-seeking ques…
Università di Bologna（博洛尼亚大学）；Qatar University（卡塔尔大学）；Qatar Computing Research Institute, HBKU（卡塔尔计算研究所（哈马德·本·哈利法大学））；Sofia University “St Kliment Ohridski”（索菲亚大学“圣克莱门特·奥赫里德斯基”）
We present an overview of the third edition of the CheckThat! Lab at CLEF 2020. The lab featured five tasks in two different languages: English and Arabic. The first four tasks compose the full pipeline of claim verification in social media: Task 1 on check-worthiness estimation, Task 2 on retrieving previously fact-checked claims, Task 3 on evidence retrieval, and Task 4 on claim verification. The lab is completed with Task 5 on check-worthiness estimation in political debates and speeches. A total of 67 teams registered to participate in the lab (up from 47 at CLEF 2019), and 23 of them actu…
Computer Science and Engineering Department, Qatar University（卡塔尔大学计算机科学与工程系）；Qatar Computing Research Institute, HBKU（哈马德·本·哈利法大学卡塔尔计算研究所）；DIT, Università di Bologna（博洛尼亚大学DIT（此处DIT按原文保留，若需全称需更多上下文））；Department of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen（哥本哈根大学计算机科学系）
We present an overview of the second edition of the CheckThat! Lab at CLEF 2019. The lab featured two tasks in two different languages: English and Arabic. Task 1 (English) challenged the participating systems to predict which claims in a political debate or speech should be prioritized for fact-checking. Task 2 (Arabic) asked to (A) rank a given set of Web pages with respect to a check-worthy claim based on their usefulness for fact-checking that claim, (B) classify these same Web pages according to their degree of usefulness for fact-checking the target claim, (C) identify useful passages fr…
Following recent outbreaks, monkeypox-related misinformation continues to rapidly spread online. This negatively impacts response strategies and disproportionately harms LGBTQ+ communities in the short-term, and ultimately undermines the overall effectiveness of public health responses. In an attempt to combat monkeypox-related misinformation, we present PoxVerifi, an open-source, extensible tool that provides a comprehensive approach to assessing the accuracy of monkeypox related claims. Leveraging information from existing fact checking sources and published World Health Organization (WHO) i…
Recent work has proposed multi-hop models and datasets for studying complex natural language reasoning. One notable task requiring multi-hop reasoning is fact checking, where a set of connected evidence pieces leads to the final verdict of a claim. However, existing datasets either do not provide annotations for gold evidence pages, or the only dataset which does (FEVER) mostly consists of claims which can be fact-checked with simple reasoning and is constructed artificially. Here, we study more complex claim verification of naturally occurring claims with multiple hops over interconnected evi…
This work explores the application of textual entailment in news claim verification and stance prediction using a new corpus in Arabic. The publicly available corpus comes in two perspectives: a version consisting of 4,547 true and false claims and a version consisting of 3,786 pairs (claim, evidence). We describe the methodology for creating the corpus and the annotation process. Using the introduced corpus, we also develop two machine learning baselines for two proposed tasks: claim verification and stance prediction. Our best model utilizes pretraining (BERT) and achieves 76.7 F1 on the sta…
With the advent of deep learning, text generation language models have improved dramatically, with text at a similar level as human-written text. This can lead to rampant misinformation because content can now be created cheaply and distributed quickly. Automated claim verification methods exist to validate claims, but they lack foundational data and often use mainstream news as evidence sources that are strongly biased towards a specific agenda. Current claim verification methods use deep neural network models and complex algorithms for a high classification accuracy but it is at the expense …
Informatics Institute（信息学研究所）；University of Amsterdam（阿姆斯特丹大学）
Motivated by the promising performance of pre-trained language models, we investigate BERT in an evidence retrieval and claim verification pipeline for the FEVER fact extraction and verification challenge. To this end, we propose to use two BERT models, one for retrieving potential evidence sentences supporting or rejecting claims, and another for verifying claims based on the predicted evidence sets. To train the BERT retrieval system, we use pointwise and pairwise loss functions, and examine the effect of hard negative mining. A second BERT model is trained to classify the samples as support…
Veri-R1: Toward Precise and Faithful Claim Verification via Online Reinforcement Learning
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign（伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校）；Fudan University（复旦大学）；Tsinghua University（清华大学）；Hong Kong University of Science and Technology（香港科学与技术大学）
CRAVE: A Conflicting Reasoning Approach for Explainable Claim Verification Using LLMs
School of Computer Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China（上海交通大学计算机科学学院）；Shanghai KEY Laboratory of Integrated Administration Technologies for Information Security, Shanghai, China（上海信息安全集成管理技术重点实验室）；School of Politics, National Defense University, Shanghai, China（国防大学政治学院）
Automated fact extraction and verification is a challenging task that involves finding relevant evidence sentences from a reliable corpus to verify the truthfulness of a claim. Existing models either (i) concatenate all the evidence sentences, leading to the inclusion of redundant and noisy information; or (ii) process each claim-evidence sentence pair separately and aggregate all of them later, missing the early combination of related sentences for more accurate claim verification. Unlike the prior works, in this paper, we propose Hierarchical Evidence Set Modeling (HESM), a framework to extr…
Hangzhou Dianzi University（杭州电子科技大学）；University of Yamanashi（山梨大学）
Scientific claim verification can help the researchers to easily find the target scientific papers with the sentence evidence from a large corpus for the given claim. Some existing works propose pipeline models on the three tasks of abstract retrieval, rationale selection and stance prediction. Such works have the problems of error propagation among the modules in the pipeline and lack of sharing valuable information among modules. We thus propose an approach, named as ARSJoint, that jointly learns the modules for the three tasks with a machine reading comprehension framework by including clai…
Debating Truth: Debate-driven Claim Verification with Multiple Large Language Model Agents
Department of Interactive Media, Hong Kong Baptist University（香港浸会大学互动媒体系）；School of Computing and Data Science, The University of Hong Kong（香港大学计算与数据科学学院）；College of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Fudan University（复旦大学计算机科学与人工智能学院）；Beijing Normal-Hong Kong Baptist University（北京师范大学-香港浸会大学联合国际学院）；Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology（深圳先进技术研究院）
Assessing the Reasoning Capabilities of LLMs in the context of Evidence-based Claim Verification
University of Warwick（沃里克大学）；Queen Mary University of London（伦敦大学女王学院）；University of Bologna（博洛尼亚大学）；King’s College London（伦敦大学国王学院）；The Alan Turing Institute（艾伦·图灵研究所）
Determining whether a given claim is supported by evidence is a fundamental NLP problem that is best modeled as Textual Entailment. However, given a large collection of text, finding evidence that could support or refute a given claim is a challenge in itself, amplified by the fact that different evidence might be needed to support or refute a claim. Nevertheless, most prior work decouples evidence identification from determining the truth value of the claim given the evidence. We propose to consider these two aspects jointly. We develop TwoWingOS (two-wing optimization strategy), a system tha…
