猩红研究——I. 中等光度红暂现源样本的光度特性
A study in scarlet -- I. Photometric properties of a sample of Intermediate Luminosity Red Transients
AI总结：
本文通过多波段光度观测和建模研究四个中等光度红暂现源，揭示其单峰光变曲线、红外尘埃形成及晚期额外供能机制，并结合空间望远镜观测支持其终结爆炸情景。
摘要：
我们研究了一类中等光度红暂现源（ILRTs）样本的光度特征，这类难以捉摸的天体其峰值光度介于经典新星与标准超新星之间。我们给出了四个ILRT的多波段光度后续观测，即NGC 300 2008OT-1、AT 2019abn、AT 2019ahd和AT 2019udc。通过对其光谱能量分布和热光度光变曲线的分析与建模，我们推断了与这些暂现源相关的物理参数。所有四个天体都显示出单峰光变曲线，在晚期以星等线性下降结束。在极大值后几个月，我们在样本中三个天体的红外波段探测到相对于单一黑体辐射的通量超出。这一在ILRT中常见的特征被解释为尘埃形成的迹象。对NGC 300 2008OT-1在极大值后761天的中红外监测使我们能够推断出存在约10^{-3}至10^{-5}太阳质量的尘埃，具体取决于所采用的化学成分和尘埃颗粒大小。所研究的ILRT的热光度光变曲线晚期下降比^{56}Ni衰变预期的更为平缓，因此需要额外的供能机制。詹姆斯·韦布空间望远镜对AT 2019abn的观测证明，该天体在峰值五年后已在中红外波段衰减至其前身星光度以下。结合NGC 300 2008OT-1在其发现七年后于斯皮策图像中消失，这支持了ILRT的终结爆炸情景。我们尝试用一个简单的半解析模型，在抛出几倍太阳质量物质、速度达数千公里每秒并被光学厚星周介质包裹的背景下，重现观测到的热光度光变曲线。
英文摘要：
We investigate the photometric characteristics of a sample of Intermediate Luminosity Red Transients (ILRTs), a class of elusive objects with peak luminosity between that of classical novae and standard supernovae. We present the multi-wavelength photometric follow-up of four ILRTs, namely NGC 300 2008OT-1, AT 2019abn, AT 2019ahd and AT 2019udc. Through the analysis and modelling of their spectral energy distribution and bolometric light curves we infer the physical parameters associated with these transients. All four objects display a single peaked light curve which ends in a linear decline in magnitudes at late phases. A flux excess with respect to a single black body emission is detected in the infrared domain for three objects in our sample, a few months after maximum. This feature, commonly found in ILRTs, is interpreted as a sign of dust formation. Mid infrared monitoring of NGC 300 2008OT-1 761 days after maximum allows us to infer the presence of $\sim$10$^{-3}$-10$^{-5}$ M$_{\odot}$ of dust, depending on the chemical composition and the grain size adopted. The late time decline of the bolometric light curves of the considered ILRTs is shallower than expected for $^{56}$Ni decay, hence requiring an additional powering mechanism. James Webb Space Telescope observations of AT 2019abn prove that the object has faded below its progenitor luminosity in the mid-infrared domain, five years after its peak. Together with the disappearance of NGC 300 2008OT-1 in Spitzer images seven years after its discovery, this supports the terminal explosion scenario for ILRTs. With a simple semi-analytical model we try to reproduce the observed bolometric light curves in the context of few M$_{\odot}$ of material ejected at few 10$^{3}$ km s$^{-1}$ and enshrouded in an optically thick circumstellar medium.
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