PEPSI 巨行星大气调查、检索与图集(PIRANGA)。I. 超热木星大气中 Fe I 发射与逆温层的普遍存在
PEPSI Investigation, Retrieval, and Atlas of Numerous Giant Atmospheres (PIRANGA). I. The Ubiquity of Fe I Emission and Inversions in Ultra Hot Jupiter Atmospheres
AI总结:
本文利用 PEPSI 光谱仪对两颗超热木星进行高分辨率观测,探测到 Fe I 等发射线,证明其大气普遍存在逆温层,并提出原子铁是主导光学不透明度来源。
摘要:
我们利用 LBT 上的 PEPSI 光谱仪,对超热木星(UHJs)TOI-1431 b 和 TOI-1518 b 进行了高分辨率光学发射光谱观测。我们在 TOI-1431 b 和 TOI-1518 b 中分别以 5.68σ 和 7.68σ 的显著性探测到 Fe I 发射线。我们还以 4.32σ 的显著性初步探测到来自 TOI-1431 b 的 Cr I 发射。对于 TOI-1518 b,我们初步探测到 Ni I、Fe II 和 Mg I,显著性水平在 3–4σ 之间。发射线的探测表明这两颗行星的大气中都存在温度逆温层,这进一步证明平流层在超热木星中普遍存在。通过分析热木星群体,我们比较了预测行星在温度–引力空间中分布的模型,并发现 Roth 等人(2024)最近的一套全球环流模型与观测到的逆温层起始温度 Teq∼2000 K 较为吻合。超热木星中强 Fe I 发射线的普遍存在,以及 TiO 探测的缺乏,表明原子铁是其大气中主要的光学不透明度来源,并且可能是造成逆温层的原因。
英文摘要:
We present high-resolution optical emission spectroscopy observations of the ultra hot Jupiters (UHJs) TOI-1431 b and TOI-1518 b using the PEPSI spectrograph on the LBT. We detect emission lines from Fe I with a significance of 5.68 $σ$ and 7.68 $σ$ for TOI 1431 b and TOI-1518 b, respectively. We also tentatively detect Cr I emission from TOI-1431 b at $4.32σ$. For TOI-1518 b, we tentatively detect Ni I, Fe II, and Mg I at significance levels ranging from $3-4σ$. Detection of emission lines indicates that both planets possess temperature inversions in their atmospheres, providing further evidence of the ubiquity of stratospheres among UHJs. By analyzing the population of hot Jupiters, we compare models that predict the distribution of planets in the temperature-gravity space, and find a recent global circulation model suite from Roth et al. (2024) provides a reasonable match to the observed onset of inversions at $T_{\mathrm{eq}}\sim2000$ K. The ubiquity of strong Fe I emission lines among UHJs, together with the paucity of detections of TiO, suggest that atomic iron is the dominant optical opacity source in their atmospheres and can be responsible for the inversions.
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