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arXiv 2407.06261astro-ph.GAastro-ph.CO
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ALMA-ALPAKA 巡天 II. 宇宙时间尺度下星系盘中湍流的演化:冷气体与暖气体之间的差异

The ALMA-ALPAKA survey II. Evolution of turbulence in galaxy disks across cosmic time: difference between cold and warm gas

F. Rizzo, C. Bacchini, M. Kohandel, L. Di Mascolo, F. Fraternali, F. Roman-Oliveira, A. Zanella, G. Popping, F. Valentino, G. Magdis, K. Whitaker

AI总结:

利用57个跨越z=0-5星系盘的冷气体示踪剂速度弥散数据,发现冷气体湍流低于暖气体约3倍且主要由恒星反馈驱动,提出超新星驱动湍流演化模型。

摘要:

星系星际介质(ISM)中的气体是超音速湍流的。湍流的测量通常依赖于低红移(z)星系的冷气体发射线,以及 z>0 星系的暖电离气体观测。对 z>0 暖气体运动学的研究得出结论,由于早期宇宙中气体吸积和并合的影响不断增加,湍流随红移强烈演化。然而,最近的发现表明,从高红移电离气体推导出的湍流测量存在潜在偏差,这影响了我们对湍流起源、ISM 物理学和星系盘形成的理解。我们利用从 57 个跨越红移范围 z=0-5 的星系盘中推导出的冷气体示踪剂(即 CO, [CI], [CII])的速度弥散($σ$)测量值,研究了湍流的演化。该样本由恒星质量 $\gtrsim 10^{10} M_{\odot}$ 的主序星系和星暴星系组成。与当前的 H$α$ 运动学观测及现有模型的比较表明,从冷气体示踪剂推断的速度弥散与使用示踪暖气体的发射线获得的结果相差约 3 倍。我们证明,恒星反馈是冷气体示踪剂测量到的湍流的主要驱动因素。这与基于暖气体研究的结论根本不同,后者必须考虑额外的湍流驱动因素来解释 $σ$ 的高值。我们提出了一个预测星系盘中湍流红移演化的模型,将 $σ$ 随红移的增加归因于高红移星系中因恒星形成率升高而导致超新星注入的更高能量。该超新星驱动模型表明,与较高恒星质量的星系相比,较低恒星质量星系中的湍流更低。此外,它还预测了类似银河系的前身星系中 $σ$ 的演化。

英文摘要:

The gas in the interstellar medium (ISM) of galaxies is supersonically turbulent. Measurements of turbulence typically rely on cold gas emission lines for low-z galaxies and warm ionized gas observations for z>0 galaxies. Studies of warm gas kinematics at z>0 conclude that the turbulence strongly evolves as a function of redshift, due to the increasing impact of gas accretion and mergers in the early Universe. However, recent findings suggest potential biases in turbulence measurements derived from ionized gas at high-z, impacting our understanding of turbulence origin, ISM physics and disk formation. We investigate the evolution of turbulence using velocity dispersion ($σ$) measurements from cold gas tracers (i.e., CO, [CI], [CII]) derived from a sample of 57 galaxy disks spanning the redshift range z=0-5. This sample consists of main-sequence and starburst galaxies with stellar masses $\gtrsim 10^{10} M_{\odot}$. The comparison with current H$α$ kinematic observations and existing models demonstrates that the velocity dispersion inferred from cold gas tracers differ by a factor of $\approx 3$ from those obtained using emission lines tracing warm gas. We show that stellar feedback is the main driver of turbulence measured from cold gas tracers. This is fundamentally different from the conclusions of studies based on warm gas, which had to consider additional turbulence drivers to explain the high values of $σ$. We present a model predicting the redshift evolution of turbulence in galaxy disks, attributing the increase of $σ$ with redshift to the higher energy injected by supernovae due to the elevated star-formation rate in high-z galaxies. This supernova-driven model suggests that turbulence is lower in galaxies with lower stellar mass compared to those with higher stellar mass. Additionally, it forecasts the evolution of $σ$ in Milky-Way like progenitors.

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