先找干草堆，再寻针：星系-星系强引力透镜中强透镜暂现源的速率
Find the haystacks, then look for needles: The rate of strongly lensed transients in galaxy-galaxy strong gravitational lenses
AI总结：
本文研究强引力透镜超新星与其宿主星系的可发现性关联，预测 LSST 每年可发现 88 个 glSNe 且约半数具有透镜化宿主，并提出监测 Euclid 已识别星系-星系透镜可作为利用 glSNe 进行宇宙学研究的有效替代策略。
摘要：
引力透镜超新星（glSN）的多个像出现之间的时间延迟对哈勃常数 $H_0$ 敏感。除了时间延迟之外，还需要一个被透镜化的宿主星系才能实现对 $H_0$ 的精确推断。在这项工作中，我们研究了可发现的透镜暂现源与其宿主星系之间的联系。我们发现 LSST 每年将发现 88 个 glSNe，其中 $54\%$ 也将具有强透镜化的宿主星系。该速率可能变化约 30% 的不确定度，主要取决于所选择的未透镜超新星族群以及偏转体族群红移演化的不确定性，但具有透镜化宿主的 glSNe 比例始终约为一半。LSST 每年将在那些在 glSN 被发现之前就可能已被 Euclid 识别为星系-星系透镜的系统中发现 20 个 glSNe。此类系统具有优先更长的时延，因此非常适合宇宙学研究。我们定义了一个黄金样本，即时间延迟超过 10 天、像间距大于 0.8 角秒且宿主星系被多重成像的 glSNe Ia。对于这个黄金样本，我们发现 $91\%$ 出现在 Euclid 中应当已经可作为星系-星系透镜被发现的系统中。对于利用 glSNe 进行宇宙学研究，监测 Euclid 透镜是搜索整个 LSST 警报流的一种可行替代方案。
英文摘要：
The time delay between appearances of multiple images of a gravitationally lensed supernova (glSN) is sensitive to the Hubble constant, $H_0$. As well as time delays, a lensed host galaxy is needed to enable precise inference of $H_0$. In this work we investigate the connection between discoverable lensed transients and their host galaxies. We find that LSST will discover 88 glSNe per year, of which $54\%$ will also have a strongly lensed host. The rates can change by approximately 30 percent uncertainty depending primarily on the choice of unlensed SN population and uncertainties in the redshift evolution of the deflector population, but the fraction of glSNe with a lensed host is consistently around a half. LSST will discover 20 glSNe per year in systems that could plausibly have been identified by Euclid as galaxy-galaxy lenses before the discovery of the glSN. Such systems have preferentially longer time delays and therefore are well suited for cosmography. We define a golden sample of glSNe Ia with time delays over 10 days, image separations greater than 0.8 arcseconds, and a multiply imaged host. For this golden sample, we find $91\%$ occur in systems that should already be discoverable as galaxy-galaxy lenses in Euclid. For cosmology with glSNe, monitoring Euclid lenses is a plausible alternative to searching the entire LSST alert stream.
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