暗物质与重子结构在弱引力透镜化引力波上的特征
Signatures of dark and baryonic structures on weakly lensed gravitational waves
AI总结：
本文研究了LISA任务探测暗物质晕、星系及超大质量黑洞在引力波透镜化中引起的波动光学特征的能力，发现此类特征对暗物质晕性质高度敏感，是探测暗物质与重子结构的绝佳探针。
摘要：
引力透镜化为探索宇宙中的物质分布提供了强大的工具。得益于其低频和相位相干性，引力波（GWs）允许在透镜化中观测到电磁信号无法触及的全新波动光学特征（WOFs）。结合现有的精确源模型，透镜化的引力波可用于推断引力透镜的性质。这一前景对空间探测器尤为引人注目，因为大质量黑洞双星合并预期的高信噪比使得WOFs能在弱透镜化区深处被区分出来，从而大幅提高探测概率。在此，我们详细研究了LISA任务探测由暗物质晕、星系及其内部超大质量黑洞（SMBHs）引起WOFs的能力。我们估计，对于总质量为 $M_{\rm BBH} \sim 10^6 M_{\odot}$ 的最响亮双星，总光学深度为 $λ_{\rm tot} \sim 6 \times 10 ^{-3}$，其中主要贡献来自SMBHs。我们还发现，低质量双星 $M_{\rm BBH} \sim 10^4 M_{\odot}$ 中的WOFs更可能归因于中心星系。在我们的引力透镜模型中，我们预测在LISA任务的5年期间，可探测到 $\mathcal{O}(0.1)-\mathcal{O}(1)$ 个弱透镜化事件，具体取决于源族群模型。我们表明，WOFs特征对 $M_{\rm vir}\in (10^6-10^8)M_\odot$ 的暗物质晕性质非常敏感：在该范围内将紧致度参数增加约3倍，会使探测率提高约26倍。此外，我们展示了来自复杂内部晕结构的集体效应可进一步增强可探测性。这表明LISA中的透镜化引力波将成为探测暗物质理论、重子物质和晕子结构的绝佳探针。
英文摘要：
Gravitational lensing offers a powerful tool for exploring the matter distribution in the Universe. Thanks to their low frequencies and phase coherence, gravitational waves (GWs) allow for the observation of novel wave-optics features (WOFs) in lensing, inaccessible to electromagnetic signals. Combined with the existing accurate source models, lensed GWs can be used to infer the properties of gravitational lenses. The prospect is particularly compelling for space-borne detectors, where the high signal-to-noise ratio expected from massive black hole binary mergers allows WOFs to be distinguished deep into the weak lensing regime, drastically increasing the detection probability. Here, we investigate in detail the capacity of the LISA mission to detect WOFs caused by dark matter halos, galaxies and the supermassive black holes (SMBHs) within them. We estimate the total optical depth to be $λ_{\rm tot} \sim 6 \times 10 ^{-3}$ for the loudest binaries of total mass $M_{\rm BBH} \sim 10^6 M_{\odot}$, with the dominant contribution coming from SMBHs. We also find that WOFs in low-mass binaries $M_{\rm BBH} \sim 10^4 M_{\odot}$ are more likely due to the central galaxies. Within our model of gravitational lenses, we predict $\mathcal{O}(0.1)-\mathcal{O}(1)$ weakly-lensed events to be detectable during the 5 years of LISA mission, depending on the source population models. We show that WOFs signatures are very sensitive to the properties of dark-matter halos with $M_{\rm vir}\in (10^6-10^8)M_\odot$: increasing the compactness parameter by $\sim 3$ in that range raises the detection rate by $\sim 26$. Additionally, we show that collective effects from the complex inner halo structure can further enhance detectability. This suggests that lensed GWs in LISA will be an excellent probe of dark-matter theories, baryonic and halo sub-structures.
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