风往哪个方向吹：量化 z≈0-3 模拟星系中的超级气泡及其外流
Any Way the Wind Blows: Quantifying Superbubbles and their Outflows in Simulated Galaxies across $z \approx 0-3$
AI总结：
本文利用FIRE-2模拟在z≈0-3的11个星系中识别超级气泡，量化其多相外流及质量、能量加载因子，并揭示外流通量在超级气泡期间达到峰值且与观测一致。
摘要：
我们提出了一项关于成团恒星反馈的研究，其形式为在 FIRE-2（真实环境中的反馈）宇宙学缩放模拟套件中的十一个星系内识别出的超级气泡，这些星系既处于宇宙正午（1 < z < 3），也处于本地宇宙。我们研究了这些超新星驱动的空间分辨多相外流，并将我们的发现与近期理论和观测进行比较。这些模拟包含五个大麦哲伦云质量星系和六个银河系质量前身星系（最小重子粒子质量为 m_{b.min} = 7100 M_{\odot}），我们据此在 750 pc 尺度上从识别出的外流计算了局部质量和能量加载因子。我们还刻画了所识别超级气泡的多相形态和性质，包括冷（T<10^5 K）气体的“壳层”以及壳层破裂时高能热（T>10^5 K）气体的冲破。对所有星系而言，外流的质量、动量和能量通量似乎在识别出的超级气泡期间达到峰值，我们研究了其对星际介质（ISM）、环星系介质（CGM）以及后续恒星形成率的影响。我们发现，无论红移如何，这些模拟在冷气体中的质量加载因子和动量通量与近期观测大体一致。最后，我们还研究了测量外流时的方法选择如何影响星系风加载因子。
英文摘要：
We present an investigation of clustered stellar feedback in the form of superbubbles identified within eleven galaxies from the FIRE-2 (Feedback in Realistic Environments) cosmological zoom-in simulation suite, at both cosmic noon (1 < z < 3) and in the local Universe. We study the spatially-resolved multiphase outflows that these supernovae drive, comparing our findings with recent theory and observations. These simulations consist of five LMC-mass galaxies and six Milky Way-mass progenitors (with a minimum baryonic particle mass of $m_{b.min} = 7100 M_{\odot}$), for which we calculate the local mass and energy loading factors on 750~pc scales from the identified outflows. We also characterize the multiphase morphology and properties of the identified superbubbles, including the `shell' of cool ($T<10^5$ K) gas and break out of energetic hot ($T>10^5$ K) gas when the shell bursts. For all galaxies, the outflow mass, momentum, and energy fluxes appear to reach their peak during the identified superbubbles, and we investigate the effects on the interstellar medium (ISM), circumgalactic medium (CGM), and subsequent star formation rates. We find that these simulations, regardless of redshift, have mass-loading factors and momentum fluxes in the cool gas that largely agree with recent observations. Lastly, we also investigate how methodological choices in measuring outflows can affect loading factors for galactic winds.
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