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arXiv 2405.14765quant-phcs.DS
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近似矩阵顶部特征向量的量子加速算法

A Quantum Speed-Up for Approximating the Top Eigenvectors of a Matrix

Yanlin Chen, András Gilyén, Ronald de Wolf

AI总结:

针对矩阵顶部特征向量近似问题,提出两种时间复杂度分别为 $\tilde{O}(d^{1.75})$ 和 $d^{1.5+o(1)}$ 的量子算法,通过鲁棒幂方法、高斯相位估计和块编码等技术,实现了优于经典算法的多项式级加速,并证明了近乎最优的复杂度下界。

摘要:

寻找给定 $d\times d$ 矩阵 $A$ 的顶部特征向量的良好近似是一个基本且重要的计算问题,具有许多应用。我们给出了两种不同的量子算法,在对 Hermitian 矩阵 $A$ 的条目具有查询访问权限并假设存在常数特征值间隙的情况下,输出顶部特征向量良好近似的经典描述:一种算法的时间复杂度为 $\mathcal{\tilde{O}}(d^{1.75})$,另一种为 $d^{1.5+o(1)}$(第一种算法在近似向量的 $\ell_2$-误差上的依赖性略优于第二种,并使用了具有独立价值的不同技术)。我们的两种量子算法均比最佳的经典算法提供了多项式级别的加速,后者需要对 $A$ 的条目进行 $\Omega(d^2)$ 次查询,因此需要 $\Omega(d^2)$ 的时间。我们将此扩展为一种量子算法,该算法在 $qd^{1.5+o(1)}$ 的时间内输出由前 $q$ 个特征向量张成的子空间的经典描述。我们还证明了近似顶部特征向量的量子查询复杂度的近乎最优下界为 $\tilde\Omega(d^{1.5})$。我们的量子算法运行了对某些良性误差具有鲁棒性的经典幂方法的版本,其中我们在量子计算机上以较小且良性的误差实现了每次矩阵-向量乘法,两种算法以不同方式实现。第一种算法使用一种新的“高斯相位估计”过程,一次估计一个条目的矩阵-向量乘积。第二种算法使用块编码技术将矩阵-向量乘积计算为量子态,我们通过一种新的时间高效的无偏纯态层析过程从中获得了经典描述。

英文摘要:

Finding a good approximation of the top eigenvector of a given $d\times d$ matrix $A$ is a basic and important computational problem, with many applications. We give two different quantum algorithms that, given query access to the entries of a Hermitian matrix $A$ and assuming a constant eigenvalue gap, output a classical description of a good approximation of the top eigenvector: one algorithm with time complexity $\mathcal{\tilde{O}}(d^{1.75})$ and one with time complexity $d^{1.5+o(1)}$ (the first algorithm has a slightly better dependence on the $\ell_2$-error of the approximating vector than the second, and uses different techniques of independent interest). Both of our quantum algorithms provide a polynomial speed-up over the best-possible classical algorithm, which needs $Ω(d^2)$ queries to entries of $A$, and hence $Ω(d^2)$ time. We extend this to a quantum algorithm that outputs a classical description of the subspace spanned by the top-$q$ eigenvectors in time $qd^{1.5+o(1)}$. We also prove a nearly-optimal lower bound of $\tildeΩ(d^{1.5})$ on the quantum query complexity of approximating the top eigenvector. Our quantum algorithms run a version of the classical power method that is robust to certain benign kinds of errors, where we implement each matrix-vector multiplication with small and well-behaved error on a quantum computer, in different ways for the two algorithms. Our first algorithm estimates the matrix-vector product one entry at a time, using a new "Gaussian phase estimation" procedure. Our second algorithm uses block-encoding techniques to compute the matrix-vector product as a quantum state, from which we obtain a classical description by a new time-efficient unbiased pure-state tomography procedure.

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