Due to the concise and structured nature of tables, the knowledge contained therein may be incomplete or missing, posing a significant challenge for table question answering (TableQA) and data analysis systems. Most existing datasets either fail to address the issue of external knowledge in TableQA or only utilize unstructured text as supplementary information for tables. In this paper, we propose to use a knowledge base (KB) as the external knowledge source for TableQA and construct a dataset KET-QA with fine-grained gold evidence annotation. Each table in the dataset corresponds to a sub-graph of the entire KB, and every question requires the integration of information from both the table and the sub-graph to be answered. To extract pertinent information from the vast knowledge sub-graph and apply it to TableQA, we design a retriever-reasoner structured pipeline model. Experimental results demonstrate that our model consistently achieves remarkable relative performance improvements ranging from 1.9 to 6.5 times and absolute improvements of 11.66% to 44.64% on EM scores across three distinct settings (fine-tuning, zero-shot, and few-shot), in comparison with solely relying on table information in the traditional TableQA manner. However, even the best model achieves a 60.23% EM score, which still lags behind the human-level performance, highlighting the challenging nature of KET-QA for the question-answering community. We also provide a human evaluation of error cases to analyze further the aspects in which the model can be improved. Project page: https://ketqa.github.io/.
Existing question answering systems mainly focus on dealing with text data. However, much of the data produced daily is stored in the form of tables that can be found in documents and relational databases, or on the web. To solve the task of question answering over tables, there exist many datasets for table question answering written in English, but few Korean datasets. In this paper, we demonstrate how we construct Korean-specific datasets for table question answering: Korean tabular dataset is a collection of 1.4M tables with corresponding descriptions for unsupervised pre-training language…
Google Research（谷歌研究院）；University of Washington（华盛顿大学）
Tables in Web documents are pervasive and can be directly used to answer many of the queries searched on the Web, motivating their integration in question answering. Very often information presented in tables is succinct and hard to interpret with standard language representations. On the other hand, tables often appear within textual context, such as an article describing the table. Using the information from an article as additional context can potentially enrich table representations. In this work we aim to improve question answering from tables by refining table representations based on in…
Yonsei University（延世大学）；University of Edinburgh（爱丁堡大学）；NCSOFT（NCSoft公司）
The task of answering a question given a text passage has shown great developments on model performance thanks to community efforts in building useful datasets. Recently, there have been doubts whether such rapid progress has been based on truly understanding language. The same question has not been asked in the table question answering (TableQA) task, where we are tasked to answer a query given a table. We show that existing efforts, of using "answers" for both evaluation and supervision for TableQA, show deteriorating performances in adversarial settings of perturbations that do not affect t…
In this paper, we describe a dataset and baseline result for a question answering that utilizes web tables. It contains commonly asked questions on the web and their corresponding answers found in tables on websites. Our dataset is novel in that every question is paired with a table of a different signature. In particular, the dataset contains two classes of tables: entity-instance tables and the key-value tables. Each QA instance comprises a table of either kind, a natural language question, and a corresponding structured SQL query. We build our model by dividing question answering into sever…
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute（伦斯勒理工学院）；IBM TJ Watson Research Center（IBM托马斯·J·沃森研究中心）
We present the first end-to-end, transformer-based table question answering (QA) system that takes natural language questions and massive table corpus as inputs to retrieve the most relevant tables and locate the correct table cells to answer the question. Our system, CLTR, extends the current state-of-the-art QA over tables model to build an end-to-end table QA architecture. This system has successfully tackled many real-world table QA problems with a simple, unified pipeline. Our proposed system can also generate a heatmap of candidate columns and rows over complex tables and allow users to …
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute（伦斯勒理工学院）；IBM TJ Watson Research Center（IBM托马斯·J·沃森研究中心）
Most existing end-to-end Table Question Answering (Table QA) models consist of a two-stage framework with a retriever to select relevant table candidates from a corpus and a reader to locate the correct answers from table candidates. Even though the accuracy of the reader models is significantly improved with the recent transformer-based approaches, the overall performance of such frameworks still suffers from the poor accuracy of using traditional information retrieval techniques as retrievers. To alleviate this problem, we introduce T-RAG, an end-to-end Table QA model, where a non-parametric…
SynTQA: Synergistic Table-based Question Answering via Mixture of Text-to-SQL and E2E TQA
Nanyang Technological University（南洋理工大学）；NYU Shanghai（上海纽约大学）；Alibaba-NTU Singapore Joint Research Institute（阿里巴巴-南洋理工大学新加坡联合研究院）；Center for Data Science, New York University（纽约大学数据科学中心）
Yale University（耶鲁大学）；The University of Hong Kong（香港大学）；Salesforce Research（赛富时研究院）；Penn State University（宾夕法尼亚州立大学）；Archbishop Mitty High School（米提大主教高中）
Existing table question answering datasets contain abundant factual questions that primarily evaluate the query and schema comprehension capability of a system, but they fail to include questions that require complex reasoning and integration of information due to the constraint of the associated short-form answers. To address these issues and to demonstrate the full challenge of table question answering, we introduce FeTaQA, a new dataset with 10K Wikipedia-based {table, question, free-form answer, supporting table cells} pairs. FeTaQA yields a more challenging table question answering settin…
The information in tables can be an important complement to text, making table-based question answering (QA) systems of great value. The intrinsic complexity of handling tables often adds an extra burden to both model design and data annotation. In this paper, we aim to develop a simple table-based QA model with minimal annotation effort. Motivated by the fact that table-based QA requires both alignment between questions and tables and the ability to perform complicated reasoning over multiple table elements, we propose an omnivorous pretraining approach that consumes both natural and syntheti…
Institute of Automation, CAS（中国科学院自动化研究所）；University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学）；Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence（北京智源人工智能研究院）
In the real-world question answering scenarios, hybrid form combining both tabular and textual contents has attracted more and more attention, among which numerical reasoning problem is one of the most typical and challenging problems. Existing methods usually adopt encoder-decoder framework to represent hybrid contents and generate answers. However, it can not capture the rich relationship among numerical value, table schema, and text information on the encoder side. The decoder uses a simple predefined operator classifier which is not flexible enough to handle numerical reasoning processes w…
Recent advances in open-domain QA have led to strong models based on dense retrieval, but only focused on retrieving textual passages. In this work, we tackle open-domain QA over tables for the first time, and show that retrieval can be improved by a retriever designed to handle tabular context. We present an effective pre-training procedure for our retriever and improve retrieval quality with mined hard negatives. As relevant datasets are missing, we extract a subset of Natural Questions (Kwiatkowski et al., 2019) into a Table QA dataset. We find that our retriever improves retrieval results …
Reasoning by Commented Code for Table Question Answering
Department of Data Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea（数据科学系，首尔国立大学，首尔，大韩民国）；Department of Computer Science（计算机科学系）；Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea（工程系，首尔国立大学，首尔，大韩民国）
TACR: A Table-alignment-based Cell-selection and Reasoning Model for Hybrid Question-Answering
Tokyo Institute of Technology（东京工业大学）；Nanyang Technological University（南洋理工大学）；Microsoft Research Asia（微软亚洲研究院）；Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence（北京人工智能研究院）
Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen)（哈尔滨工业大学（深圳））；Peng Cheng Laboratory（鹏城实验室）
Table Question Answering (Table QA) refers to providing precise answers from tables to answer a user's question. In recent years, there have been a lot of works on table QA, but there is a lack of comprehensive surveys on this research topic. Hence, we aim to provide an overview of available datasets and representative methods in table QA. We classify existing methods for table QA into five categories according to their techniques, which include semantic-parsing-based, generative, extractive, matching-based, and retriever-reader-based methods. Moreover, as table QA is still a challenging task …
Department of Computer Science ETH Zurich（苏黎世联邦理工学院计算机科学系）；ETH Zurich（苏黎世联邦理工学院）；Switzerland（瑞士）
Advances in natural language processing tasks have gained momentum in recent years due to the increasingly popular neural network methods. In this paper, we explore deep learning techniques for answering multi-step reasoning questions that operate on semi-structured tables. Challenges here arise from the level of logical compositionality expressed by questions, as well as the domain openness. Our approach is weakly supervised, trained on question-answer-table triples without requiring intermediate strong supervision. It performs two phases: first, machine understandable logical forms (programs…
Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence（北京人工智能研究院）
Semantic parsing solves knowledge base (KB) question answering (KBQA) by composing a KB query, which generally involves node extraction (NE) and graph composition (GC) to detect and connect related nodes in a query. Despite the strong causal effects between NE and GC, previous works fail to directly model such causalities in their pipeline, hindering the learning of subtask correlations. Also, the sequence-generation process for GC in previous works induces ambiguity and exposure bias, which further harms accuracy. In this work, we formalize semantic parsing into two stages. In the first stage…
TableEval: A Real-World Benchmark for Complex, Multilingual, and Multi-Structured Table Question Answering
Beijing Wenge Technology Co., Ltd.（北京文格科技有限公司）；State Key Laboratory of Multimodal Artificial Intelligence Systems, Institute of Automation, CAS, Beijing, China（多模态人工智能系统国家重点实验室，自动化研究所，中国，北京）；School of Advanced Interdisciplinary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China（中国科学院大学advanced interdisciplinary sciences学院，中国）
Tabular and textual question answering requires systems to perform reasoning over heterogeneous information, considering table structure, and the connections among table and text. In this paper, we propose a ChAin-centric Reasoning and Pre-training framework (CARP). CARP utilizes hybrid chain to model the explicit intermediate reasoning process across table and text for question answering. We also propose a novel chain-centric pre-training method, to enhance the pre-trained model in identifying the cross-modality reasoning process and alleviating the data sparsity problem. This method construc…
IBM Research（IBM研究院）；Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay（印度理工学院孟买分校）
Weakly-supervised table question-answering(TableQA) models have achieved state-of-art performance by using pre-trained BERT transformer to jointly encoding a question and a table to produce structured query for the question. However, in practical settings TableQA systems are deployed over table corpora having topic and word distributions quite distinct from BERT's pretraining corpus. In this work we simulate the practical topic shift scenario by designing novel challenge benchmarks WikiSQL-TS and WikiTQ-TS, consisting of train-dev-test splits in five distinct topic groups, based on the popular…
Exploring Generative Process Reward Modeling for Semi-Structured Data: A Case Study of Table Question Answering
University of Augsburg（奥格斯堡大学）；Institut für Maschinelle Sprachverarbeitung, University of Stuttgart（斯图加特大学机械语言处理研究所）；Bosch Center for Artificial Intelligence（博世人工智能中心）
S$^3$HQA: A Three-Stage Approach for Multi-hop Text-Table Hybrid Question Answering
Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院自动化研究所）；School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学人工智能学院）
We present a novel approach to answering sequential questions based on structured objects such as knowledge bases or tables without using a logical form as an intermediate representation. We encode tables as graphs using a graph neural network model based on the Transformer architecture. The answers are then selected from the encoded graph using a pointer network. This model is appropriate for processing conversations around structured data, where the attention mechanism that selects the answers to a question can also be used to resolve conversational references. We demonstrate the validity of…
Exploring the Impact of Table-to-Text Methods on Augmenting LLM-based Question Answering with Domain Hybrid Data
School of Computer Science and Engineering, Southeast University（东南大学计算机科学与工程学院）；Department of Computer Science, The University of Manchester（曼彻斯特大学计算机科学系）
IBM Research AI（IBM研究院人工智能）；Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute（伦斯勒理工学院）
Transformer based architectures are recently used for the task of answering questions over tables. In order to improve the accuracy on this task, specialized pre-training techniques have been developed and applied on millions of open-domain web tables. In this paper, we propose two novel approaches demonstrating that one can achieve superior performance on table QA task without even using any of these specialized pre-training techniques. The first model, called RCI interaction, leverages a transformer based architecture that independently classifies rows and columns to identify relevant cells.…
Table Question Answering (TQA) is an important but under-explored task. Most of the existing QA datasets are in unstructured text format and only few of them use tables as the context. To the best of our knowledge, none of TQA datasets exist in the biomedical domain where tables are frequently used to present information. In this paper, we first curate a table question answering dataset, BioTABQA, using 22 templates and the context from a biomedical textbook on differential diagnosis. BioTABQA can not only be used to teach a model how to answer questions from tables but also evaluate how a mod…
