利用分箱高斯过程在引力波数据中搜寻双黑洞亚族群
Searching for binary black hole sub-populations in gravitational wave data using binned Gaussian processes
AI总结：
本文利用分箱高斯过程对双黑洞质量与自旋进行非参数建模，在引力波数据中发现两个亚族群，并验证其分别与孤立双星演化和球状星团动力学形成渠道一致。
摘要：
针对双黑洞可观测量建立的天体物理驱动的族群模型，往往不足以捕捉多种形成渠道所留下的印记。这主要是由于此类研究具有高度参数化的特性。我们采用一种非参数模型来描述双黑洞成分质量与有效旋进自旋的联合族群层面分布，并在第三次引力波暂现源星表中发现了多个亚族群存在的迹象。自旋更高（更正）的亚族群，其质量谱在 $30-40M_{\odot}$ 区间没有任何特征，这与孤立恒星双星演化的预言一致；相关模拟显示，由脉动对不稳定性超新星造成的质量堆积位于 $50M_{\odot}$ 或更高处。另一个有效自旋更接近零的亚族群，在 $30-40M_{\odot}$ 处表现出特征，并且与在球状星团中动力学形成的双黑洞一致，这类双黑洞的质量分布预计在 $30M_{\odot}$ 附近达到峰值。我们还计算了这两个亚族群的并合率，发现它们与相应形成渠道的理论预言一致。我们通过检验结果对若干模型配置变化的稳健性，并使用同一模型分析大型模拟星表，验证了上述结果。
英文摘要：
Astrophysically motivated population models for binary black hole observables are often insufficient to capture the imprints of multiple formation channels. This is mainly due to the strongly parametrized nature of such investigations. Using a non-parametric model for the joint population-level distributions of binary black hole component masses and effective inspiral spins, we find hints of multiple subpopulations in the third gravitational wave transient catalog. The higher (more positive) spin subpopulation is found to have a mass-spectrum without any feature at the $30-40M_{\odot}$, which is consistent with the predictions of isolated stellar binary evolution, simulations for which place the pile up due to pulsational pair-instability supernovae near $50M_{\odot}$ or higher. The other sub-population with effective spins closer to zero shows a feature at $30-40M_{\odot}$ and is consistent with binary black holes formed dynamically in globular clusters, which are expected to peak around $30M_{\odot}$. We also compute merger rates for these two subpopulations and find that they are consistent with the theoretical predictions of the corresponding formation channels. We validate our results by checking their robustness against variations of several model configurations and by analyzing large simulated catalogs with the same model.
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