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arXiv 2403.14745astro-ph.GAastro-ph.HE
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一个位于引力透镜星系中红移 $z\approx10$ 处的候选超大质量黑洞

A candidate supermassive black hole in a gravitationally-lensed galaxy at $z\approx10$

Orsolya E. Kovacs, Akos Bogdan, Priyamvada Natarajan, Norbert Werner, Mojegan Azadi, Marta Volonteri, Grant R. Tremblay, Urmila Chadayammuri, William R. Forman,… 展开作者

Orsolya E. Kovacs, Akos Bogdan, Priyamvada Natarajan, Norbert Werner, Mojegan Azadi, Marta Volonteri, Grant R. Tremblay, Urmila Chadayammuri, William R. Forman, Christine Jones, Ralph P. Kraft

备注：
9 pages, 4 figures, accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal Letters
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AI总结：

本研究利用Chandra和JWST观测，在红移z≈10的引力透镜星系GHZ 9中发现一个候选X射线活动星系核，推断其黑洞质量约8×10^7太阳质量，表明其起源于重种子，并构建了首个延伸至z≈10的AGN光度函数，揭示了该红移处黑洞数量过剩及高于预期的种子形成效率。

摘要：

尽管超大质量黑洞（BHs）在近邻和遥远宇宙中被广泛观测到，但其起源仍存在争议，目前有两种可行的形成情景：轻种子和重种子。在轻种子模型中，首批黑洞由质量为 $10-100 \\ \rm{M_{\odot}}$ 的大质量恒星坍缩形成；而重种子模型则假设通过直接坍缩形成 $10^{4-5} \\ \rm{M_{\odot}}$ 的种子。在红移 $z\gtrsim10$ 处探测到黑洞，更接近其形成时代，为区分这些情景提供了关键的观测依据。在此，我们关注被前景星系团 Abell 2744 透镜化的 JWST 探测星系 GHZ 9，其位于 $z\approx10$。基于 2.1 Ms 深度的 Chandra 观测，我们探测到一个候选 X 射线 AGN，在空间上与高红移星系 GHZ 9 重合。假设爱丁顿极限吸积，推断该候选黑洞的热光度为 $(1.0^{+0.5}_{-0.4})\times10^{46} \\ \rm{erg \\ s^{-1}}$，对应黑洞质量为 $(8.0^{+3.7}_{-3.2})\times10^7 \\ \rm{M_{\odot}}$。如此早期宇宙时代的极端质量表明该候选黑洞起源于重种子。基于 Chandra 和 JWST 发现的极高红移类星体，我们构建了首个延伸至 $z\approx10$ 的简单 AGN 光度函数。将该光度函数与理论模型比较表明，$z\approx10$ 的黑洞数量过剩，与高于预期的种子形成效率相符。

英文摘要：

While supermassive black holes (BHs) are widely observed in the nearby and distant universe, their origin remains debated with two viable formation scenarios with light and heavy seeds. In the light seeding model, the first BHs form from the collapse of massive stars with masses of $10-100 \ \rm{M_{\odot}}$, while the heavy seeding model posits the formation of $10^{4-5} \ \rm{M_{\odot}}$ seeds from direct collapse. The detection of BHs at redshifts $z\gtrsim10$, edging closer to their formation epoch, provides critical observational discrimination between these scenarios. Here, we focus on the JWST-detected galaxy, GHZ 9, at $z\approx10$ that is lensed by the foreground cluster, Abell 2744. Based on 2.1 Ms deep Chandra observations, we detect a candidate X-ray AGN, which is spatially coincident with the high-redshift galaxy, GHZ 9. The BH candidate is inferred to have a bolometric luminosity of $(1.0^{+0.5}_{-0.4})\times10^{46} \ \rm{erg \ s^{-1}}$, which corresponds to a BH mass of $(8.0^{+3.7}_{-3.2})\times10^7 \ \rm{M_{\odot}}$ assuming Eddington-limited accretion. This extreme mass at such an early cosmic epoch suggests the heavy seed origin for this BH candidate. Based on the Chandra and JWST discoveries of extremely high-redshift quasars, we have constructed the first simple AGN luminosity function extending to $z\approx10$. Comparison of this luminosity function with theoretical models indicates an over-abundant $z\approx10$ BH population, consistent with a higher-than-expected seed formation efficiency.

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